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I kemi er en funktionel gruppe den del af et molekyle som bestemmer molekylets kemiske egenskaber og dermed hvilke reaktioner molekylet kan deltage i. Et molekyle kan indeholde mere end en funktionel gruppe, eller slet ingen.
Klasse | Gruppe | Formel | Strukturformel | Præfiks | Suffiks | Eksempel |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acylhalid (syreklorid) | Haloformyl | RCOX | ![]() |
haloformyl- | -oylhalid | Acetylklorid (Ethanoylklorid) |
Alkohol | Hydroxyl | ROH | ![]() |
hydroxy- | -ol | ![]() Methanol |
Aldehyd | Aldehyd | RCHO | ![]() |
oxo- | -al | ![]() Acetaldehyd (Ethanal) |
Alkan | Alkyl | RH | ![]() |
alkyl- | -an | ![]() Methan |
Alken | Alkenyl | R2C=CR2 | ![]() |
alkenyl- | -en | ![]() Ethylen (Ethen) |
Alkyn | Alkynyl | RC≡CR' | ![]() |
alkynyl- | -yn | ![]() Acetylen (Ethyn) |
Amid | Carboxamid | RCONR2 | ![]() |
carboxamido- | -amid | ![]() Acetamid (Ethanamid) |
Aminer | Primær amin | RNH2 | ![]() |
amino- | -amin | ![]() Metylamin (Methanamin) |
Sekundær amin | R2NH | ![]() |
amino- | -amin | ![]() Dimethylamin | |
Tertiær amin | R3N | ![]() |
amino- | -amin | ![]() Trimethylamin | |
Kvarternær ammoniumkation | R4N+ | ![]() |
ammonio- | -ammonium | ![]() Kolin | |
Azoforbindelse | Azo (Diimid) |
RN2R' | ![]() |
azo- | -diazen | ![]() Methylorange (p-dimethylamino- azobenzensulfonsyre) |
Toluenderivater | Benzyl | RCH2C6H5 RBn |
![]() |
benzyl- | 1-(substituent)toluen | ![]() Benzylbromid (1-Bromtoluen) |
Carbonat | Carbonatester | ROCOOR | ![]() |
alkyl carbonat | ||
Carboxylat | Carboxylat | RCOO− | ![]() |
carboxy- | -oat | ![]() Natriumacetat (Natriumethanoat) |
Carboxylsyre | Carboxyl | RCOOH | ![]() |
carboxy- | -(carboxyl)syre | ![]() Eddikesyre (Ethansyre) |
Cyanater | Cyanat | ROCN | ![]() |
cyanato- | alkyl cyanat | |
Thiocyanat | RSCN | ![]() |
thiocyanato- | alkyl thiocyanat | ||
Æter | Æter | ROR' | ![]() |
alkoxy- | alkyl-alkyl-æter | ![]() Diætylæter (Ethoxyethan) |
Ester | Ester | RCOOR' | ![]() |
alkyl-alkanoate | ![]() Ætylbutyrat (Ætylbutanoat) | |
Haloalkan | Halo | RX | ![]() |
halo- | alkylhalid | ![]() Chlorethan (Ætylklorid) |
Hydroperoxid | Hydroperoxy | ROOH | ![]() |
hydroperoxy- | alkylhydroperoxid | ![]() Methylethylketonperoxid |
Imin | Primær ketimin | RC(=NH)R' | ![]() |
imino- | -imin | |
Sekundær ketimin | RC(=NR)R' | ![]() |
imino- | -imin | ||
Primær aldimin | RC(=NH)H | ![]() |
imino- | -imin | ||
Sekundær aldimin | RC(=NR')H | ![]() |
imino- | -imin | ||
Isocyanid | Isocyanid | RNC | isocyano- | alkylisocyanid | ||
Isocyanater | Isocyanat | RNCO | ![]() |
isocyanato- | alkylisocyanat | ![]() Methylisocyanat |
Isothiocyanat | RNCS | ![]() |
isothiocyanato- | alkylisothiocyanat | ![]() Allylisothiocyanat | |
Keton | Carbonyl | RCOR' | ![]() |
keto-, oxo- | -on | ![]() Methylethylketon (Butanon) |
Nitrat | Nitrat | RONO2 | ![]() |
nitrooxy-, nitroxy- |
alkylnitrat |
![]() Amylnitrat (1-nitrooxypentan) |
Nitril | Nitril | RCN | ![]() |
cyano- |
alkannitril |
![]() Benzonitril (Phenylcyanid) |
Nitrit | Nitrosooxy | RONO | ![]() |
nitrosooxy- |
alkylnitrit |
![]() Amylnitrit (3-methyl-1-nitrosooxybutan) |
Nitroforbindelse | Nitro | RNO2 | ![]() |
nitro- | ![]() Nitromethan | |
Nitrosoforbindelse | Nitroso | RNO | ![]() |
nitroso- | ![]() Nitrosobenzen | |
Peroxid | Peroxy | ROOR | ![]() |
peroxy- | alkylperoxid | ![]() Di-tert-butylperoxid |
Benzenderivater | Phenyl | RC6H5 | ![]() |
phenyl- | -benzen | ![]() Cumene (2-phenylpropan) |
Fosfin | Fosfino | R3P | ![]() |
phosphino- | -phosphan | ![]() Methylpropylphosphan |
Fosfodiester | Fosfat | HOPO(OR)2 | ![]() |
fosforsyre- di(substituent)ester |
di(substituent)- hydrogenfosfat |
DNA |
Phosphosyre | Phosphono | RP(=O)(OH)2 | ![]() |
phosphono- | substituent phosphonsyre | ![]() Benzylphosphonic acid |
Fosfat | Fosfat | ROP(=O)(OH)2 | ![]() |
phospho- | ![]() Glyceraldehyd-3-fosfat | |
Pyridinderivater | Pyridyl | RC5H4N |
4-pyridyl |
-pyridin | ![]() Nicotin | |
Sulfid | RSR' | ![]() |
di(substituent)sulfid | ![]() Dimethylsulfid | ||
Sulfon | Sulfonyl | RSO2R' | ![]() |
sulfonyl- | di(substituent)- sulfon |
![]() Dimethylsulfon (Metylsulfonylmetan) |
Sulfonsyre | Sulfo | RSO3H | ![]() |
sulfo- | substituent- sulfonsyre |
![]() Benzensulfonsyre |
Sulfoxid | Sulfinyl | RSOR' | ![]() |
sulfinyl- | di(substituent)- sulfoxid |
![]() Difenylsulfoxid |
Thiol | Sulfhydryl | RSH | ![]() |
mercapto-, sulfanyl- | -thiol | ![]() Ethanthiol (Ethylmercaptan) |
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