1947 Jammu massacres

1947 Jammu massacres
1947 Jammu massacres
Date	October 1947 – November 1947
Location	Jammu province, Princely state of Jammu and Kashmir
Goals	Genocide, ethnic cleansing
Methods	Rioting, pogrom, arson, mass rape
Casualties
Death(s)	20,000–100,000 Muslims; A large number of Hindus and Sikhs in Rajouri, and in Mirpur.;

After the Partition of India, during October–November 1947 in the Jammu region of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, many Muslims were massacred and others driven away to West Punjab. The killings were carried out by extremist Hindus and Sikhs, aided and abetted by the forces of Maharaja Hari Singh.^[7] The activists of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) played a key role in planning and executing the riots.^[2]^[8] An estimated 20,000–100,000 Muslims were massacred.^[6] Subsequently, many non-Muslims were massacred by Pakistani tribesmen, in the Mirpur region of today's Pakistani administered Kashmir,^[a]^[10] and also in the Rajouri area of Jammu division.^[2]

^ Copland, The Abdullah Factor, p. 254 (citation 119): "... the census reveals that the Muslim population of Jammu dropped (as a result of emigration, genocide and other factors) from 61 per cent to 38 per cent between 1941 and 1961."
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Ved Bhasin (17 November 2015). "Jammu 1947". Kashmir Life.
^ Chattha, Partition and its Aftermath 2009, p. 179, 183.
^ Chattha, The Long Shadow of 1947 2016, p. 150.
^ Cite error: The named reference Noorani was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b ^c Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris 2015, p. 167.
^ Snedden, What happened to Muslims in Jammu? 2001.
^ Chattha, Partition and its Aftermath 2009, pp. 182, 183; Chattha, The Long Shadow of 1947 2016, p. 149
^ Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History 2013, p. 56.
^ Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir 2012, p. 97.

Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

[1] Copland, The Abdullah Factor, p. 254 (citation 119): "... the census reveals that the Muslim population of Jammu dropped (as a result of emigration, genocide and other factors) from 61 per cent to 38 per cent between 1941 and 1961."

[Bhasin-2] Ved Bhasin (17 November 2015). "Jammu 1947". Kashmir Life.

[FOOTNOTEChattha,_Partition_and_its_Aftermath2009179,_183-3] Chattha, Partition and its Aftermath 2009, p. 179, 183.

[FOOTNOTEChattha,_The_Long_Shadow_of_19472016150-4] Chattha, The Long Shadow of 1947 2016, p. 150.

[Noorani-5] Cite error: The named reference Noorani was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[FOOTNOTESnedden,_Understanding_Kashmir_and_Kashmiris2015167-6] Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris 2015, p. 167.

[FOOTNOTESnedden,_What_happened_to_Muslims_in_Jammu?2001-7] Snedden, What happened to Muslims in Jammu? 2001.

[8] Chattha, Partition and its Aftermath 2009, pp. 182, 183; Chattha, The Long Shadow of 1947 2016, p. 149

[FOOTNOTESnedden,_Kashmir:_The_Unwritten_History201356-9] Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History 2013, p. 56.

[FOOTNOTEDas_Gupta,_Jammu_and_Kashmir201297-11] Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir 2012, p. 97.

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