1959 Tibetan uprising

1959 Tibetan uprising
1959 Tibetan uprising
Traditional Chinese	1959年西藏起義
Simplified Chinese	1959年西藏起义
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	1959 nián Xīzàng qǐyì
1959 Tibetan armed rebellion
Traditional Chinese	1959年西藏武裝叛亂
Simplified Chinese	1959年西藏武装叛乱
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	1959 nián Xīzàng wǔzhuāng pànluàn
1959 Tibetan anti-riot movement
Traditional Chinese	1959年西藏抗暴運動
Simplified Chinese	1959年西藏抗暴运动
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	1959 nián Xīzàng kàngbào yùndòng
1959 Tibetan unrests
Traditional Chinese	1959年藏區騷亂
Simplified Chinese	1959年藏区骚乱
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	1959 nián Zàngqū sāoluàn

1959 Tibetan uprising
	Part of the Cold War
	; Tsarong Dazang Dramdul and several Tibetan monks captured by the PLA during the uprising
Date	10–23 March 1959
Location	Lhasa, Tibet Area, China
Result	Uprising suppressed Abolition of the Kashag; Tibetan diaspora Flight of the 14th Dalai Lama to India; ;
Belligerents
Tibetan and Khampa protesters and guerrillas Remnants of the Tibetan Army; Simultaneous rebellion in Kham and Amdo: Chushi Gangdruk; Supported by:; Republic of China; United States (CIA); India (diplomatic);	People's Republic of China People's Liberation Army;
Commanders and leaders
Several leaders	Tan Guansan
Casualties and losses
85,000–87,000 casualties (TGIE claim)	2,000 killed

The 1959 Tibetan uprising or Lhasa uprising^[2] began on 10 March 1959 as a series of protests in the Tibetan capital of Lhasa, fueled by fears that the Chinese government planned to arrest the Dalai Lama. Over the next ten days, the demonstrations evolved from expressions of support for the 14th Dalai Lama to demands for independence and the reversal of the 1951 Chinese annexation of Tibet.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7] After protesters acquired weapons, the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) shelled protesters in the Dalai Lama's summer palace and deployed tanks to suppress the demonstrations. Bloody fighting continued for the next three days while the Dalai Lama escaped to India. Thousands of Tibetans were killed during the 1959 uprising, but the exact number is disputed.

Earlier in 1956, armed conflict between Tibetan guerrillas and the PLA started in the Kham and Amdo regions, which had been subjected to socialist reform. The guerrilla warfare later spread to other areas of Tibet and lasted through 1962. Some regard the Xunhua Incident in 1958 as a precursor of the Tibetan uprising.^[8]^[9]

The 10 March anniversary of the uprising is observed by exiled Tibetans as Tibetan Uprising Day and Women's Uprising Day.^[10] On 19 January 2009, the PRC-controlled legislature in the Tibet Autonomous Region chose 28 March as the national anniversary of Serfs Emancipation Day. American Tibetologist Warren W. Smith Jr. describes the move as a "counter-propaganda" celebration following the 10 March 2008 unrest in Tibet.^[11]

Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

^ Van Schaik 2013, p. 234: "Meanwhile, the crowd outside the Norbulingka was beginning to appoint representatives and a leadership was emerging, drawn from the ordinary people rather than the aristocracy. Sixty of these representatives were invited inside, and the Dalai Lama’s message was relayed to them."
^ Guyot-Réchard 2017, p. 172.
^ Van Schaik 2013, p. 234.
^ Shakya 1999, pp. 186–191.
^ Robin 2020, p. 13.
^ Croddy 2022, p. 687.
^ Guyot-Réchard 2017, pp. 165, 172.
^ Li, Jianglin (2016). Tibet in Agony. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-97370-1.
^ Luo, Siling (22 June 2016). "西藏的秘密战争，究竟发生了什么？（下）". The New York Times (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
^ Gyatso, His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin (18 November 2011). "The Genesis Of The Tibetan Women's Struggle For Independence". tibetanwomen.org. Tibetan Women’s Association. Archived from the original on 30 January 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Norbu, Jamyang (20 March 2009). "Warren Smith on "Serf Emancipation Day"". Shadow Tibet. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2021.

[2] Van Schaik 2013, p. 234: "Meanwhile, the crowd outside the Norbulingka was beginning to appoint representatives and a leadership was emerging, drawn from the ordinary people rather than the aristocracy. Sixty of these representatives were invited inside, and the Dalai Lama’s message was relayed to them."

[FOOTNOTEGuyot-Réchard2017172-3] Guyot-Réchard 2017, p. 172.

[FOOTNOTEVan_Schaik2013234-4] Van Schaik 2013, p. 234.

[FOOTNOTEShakya1999186–191-5] Shakya 1999, pp. 186–191.

[FOOTNOTERobin202013-6] Robin 2020, p. 13.

[FOOTNOTECroddy2022687-7] Croddy 2022, p. 687.

[FOOTNOTEGuyot-Réchard2017165,_172-8] Guyot-Réchard 2017, pp. 165, 172.

[9] Li, Jianglin (2016). Tibet in Agony. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-97370-1.

[10] Luo, Siling (22 June 2016). "西藏的秘密战争，究竟发生了什么？（下）". The New York Times (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2020.

[Women's_Uprising_DL-11] Gyatso, His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin (18 November 2011). "The Genesis Of The Tibetan Women's Struggle For Independence". tibetanwomen.org. Tibetan Women’s Association. Archived from the original on 30 January 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

[12] Norbu, Jamyang (20 March 2009). "Warren Smith on "Serf Emancipation Day"". Shadow Tibet. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2021.

[a]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]