1982 Lebanon War | |||||||||
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Part of the Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon and the Israeli–Lebanese conflict | |||||||||
Top: Israeli troops invading Lebanon, 1982 Bottom: A map of the military situation in Lebanon in 1983 Map legend
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Belligerents | |||||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
Israel:
Phalange: Al-Tanzim: SLA: |
PLO:
Syria:
LCP: Al-Mourabitoun: Amal: ASALA: PKK: Others: | ||||||||
Strength | |||||||||
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Casualties and losses | |||||||||
Total Lebanese: 19,085 killed and 30,000 wounded.[10] |
The 1982 Lebanon War began on 6 June 1982, when Israel invaded Lebanon. The invasion followed a series of attacks and counter-attacks between the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) operating in southern Lebanon and the Israeli military that had caused civilian casualties on both sides of the border.[11][12][13] This was the second Israeli invasion of Lebanon following the 1978 South Lebanon conflict.
Israel launched its military operation against the PLO in Lebanon using the attempted assassination of an Israeli diplomat in the United Kingdom as pretext, despite the perpetrators belonging to the Abu Nidal Organization, which was an enemy of the PLO.[14][15][16][17][i] Israel's objectives were to expel the PLO, remove Syrian influence over Lebanon, and install a pro-Israeli Christian government led by President Bachir Gemayel.[18] After attacking the PLO – as well as Syrian, leftist, and Muslim Lebanese forces – the Israeli military, in cooperation with their Maronite allies and the self-styled Free Lebanon State, occupied southern Lebanon, eventually surrounding the PLO and elements of the Syrian Army in west Beirut, which it subjected to a siege and heavy bombardment. The PLO, under the chairmanship of Yasser Arafat, had relocated its headquarters further north to Tripoli in June 1982.
Following the assassination of Gemayel in September 1982, Israel's position in Beirut became untenable and the signing of a peace treaty became increasingly unlikely. Outrage at the Israeli military's role in facilitating the Phalangist-perpetrated Sabra and Shatila massacre of Palestinian refugees and Lebanese Shias, as well as Israeli popular disillusionment with the war, led to a gradual Israeli withdrawal from Beirut to the areas claimed by the Free Lebanon State in southern Lebanon, later to become the South Lebanon security belt, which was initiated following the 17 May Agreement and Syria's change of attitude towards the PLO.
Despite the Israeli withdrawal to Southern Lebanon in 1985 being considered the end of the war, Shi'a militant groups began consolidating and waging a low-intensity guerrilla war against the Israeli occupation of southern Lebanon, leading to 15 years of low-scale armed conflict, until Israel's final withdrawal from Lebanon in 2000.[19] Simultaneously, the War of the Camps broke out between Lebanese factions, the remains of the PLO and Syrian forces, in which Syria fought its former Palestinian allies. The Lebanese Civil War would continue until 1990, at which point Syria had established complete dominance over Lebanon.
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