2015 Southeast Asian haze

2015 Southeast Asian haze

A collage showing various landmarks in the haze. Top: An-Nur Great Mosque, Pekanbaru, Indonesia Bottom-left: Darussalam Grand Mosque Palangkaraya, Indonesia Bottom-right: Swissôtel The Stamford, Singapore
Duration	28 June 2015[1] – 29 October 2015[2][3]
Location	Brunei  Cambodia (suspected)  Indonesia (origin)  Malaysia  Philippines  Singapore  Thailand  Vietnam
Outcome	State of emergency declared in six Indonesian provinces School closures in Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore Swimming World Cup disrupted Kuala Lumpur Marathon cancelled
Deaths	Indonesia: 19 died due to respiratory infections.[2] 10 people killed due to smog from forest and land fires[4][5][6] Dozens reported dead in road accidents due to poor visibility.[7][8]
Non-fatal injuries	Indonesia: 503,874 (by 23 October 2015)[9]
Property damage	$35-47 billion (2015 USD)

The 2015 Southeast Asian haze was an air pollution crisis affecting several countries in Southeast Asia, including Brunei, Indonesia (especially its islands of Sumatra and Borneo), Malaysia, Singapore, southern Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia and the Philippines.

The haze affected Indonesia from at least late June,^[1] to the end of October, turning into an international problem for other countries in September. It was the latest occurrence of the Southeast Asian haze, a long-term issue that occurs in varying intensity during every dry season in the region.^[10] It was caused by forest fires resulting from slash-and-burn practices, principally on the Indonesian islands of Sumatra and Kalimantan, which then spread quickly in the dry season.^{[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]}

On 4 September 2015, the Indonesian National Board for Disaster Management stated that six Indonesian provinces had declared a state of emergency due to the haze; these were Riau, Jambi, South Sumatra, West Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan and South Kalimantan.^[20] On 14 September, a state of emergency was again declared in Riau, this time by the Indonesian government.^[16][21] Thousands of residents of Pekanbaru, Riau's capital, fled to the nearby cities of Medan and Padang.^[22][23] On 24 October, the Pollutant Standards Index (PSI) hit a record high of 1801, recorded in the province of Central Kalimantan.^[24][25]

More than 28 million people in Indonesia alone were affected by the crisis, and more than 140,000 reported respiratory illness.^[9][26] According to a 2016 Harvard-Columbia University study, the haze caused more than 100,000 additional deaths, most of them (> 90,000) in Indonesia.^[27][28] But later, the claim was refuted by Indonesia, Singapore and Malaysian health authorities.^[29] The haze caused by the Indonesian forest fires has been shown to increase haze related illnesses, such as upper respiratory illnesses and acute conjunctivitis, in Singapore.^[30]

The Indonesian government estimated that the haze crisis would cost it between 300 and 475 trillion rupiah (up to US$35 billion or S$47 billion) to mitigate.^[31] School closures due to the haze were implemented in Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore; these affected nearly four million students in Malaysia alone.^[32][33][34] Among the events disrupted or even cancelled due to the haze were the 2015 FINA Swimming World Cup in Singapore and the Kuala Lumpur Marathon in Malaysia.

Heavy rains in Sumatra and Kalimantan in the last days of October 2015 significantly reduced the size and number of fires, and improved the air quality in most affected areas.^{[2][3][35][36]} In turn, the NEA of Singapore stopped issuing haze advisories from 15 November 2015.