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| Acanthocephala Temporal range:
| |
|---|---|
| |
| Corynosoma wegeneri | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Subkingdom: | Eumetazoa |
| Clade: | ParaHoxozoa |
| Clade: | Bilateria |
| Clade: | Nephrozoa |
| (unranked): | Protostomia |
| (unranked): | Spiralia |
| Clade: | Gnathifera |
| Phylum: | Acanthocephala Koelreuter, 1771[1][2] |
| Classes | |
Acanthocephala /əˌkænθoʊˈsɛfələ/[3] (Greek ἄκανθος, akanthos 'thorn' + κεφαλή, kephale 'head') is a group of parasitic worms known as acanthocephalans, thorny-headed worms, or spiny-headed worms, characterized by the presence of an eversible proboscis, armed with spines, which it uses to pierce and hold the gut wall of its host. Acanthocephalans have complex life cycles, involving at least two hosts, which may include invertebrates, fish, amphibians, birds, and mammals.[4][5][6][7] About 1420 species have been described.[8][9]
The Acanthocephala were thought to be a discrete phylum. Recent genome analysis has shown that they are descended from, and should be considered as, highly modified rotifers.[10] This unified taxon is sometimes known as Syndermata, but are also described as a subclass of Hemirottoriod rotifera.[11]
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
cromptonwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Koelreuter, I. T. (1770). "Descriptio cyprini rutili, quem halawel russi vocant, historico-anatomica". Novi Commentarii Academiae Scientiarum Imperialis Petropolitanae. 15: 494–503.
- ^ "acanthocephalan". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
- ^ Perrot-Minnot, Marie-Jeanne; Cozzarolo, Camille-Sophie; Amin, Omar; Barčák, Daniel; Bauer, Alexandre; Filipović Marijić, Vlatka; García-Varela, Martín; Servando Hernández-Orts, Jesús; Yen Le, T.T.; Nachev, Milen; Orosová, Martina; Rigaud, Thierry; Šariri, Sara; Wattier, Rémi; Reyda, Florian; Sures, Bernd (2023). "Hooking the scientific community on thorny-headed worms: interesting and exciting facts, knowledge gaps and perspectives for research directions on Acanthocephala". Parasite. 30: 23. doi:10.1051/parasite/2023026. PMC 10288976. PMID 37350678.
- ^ de Buron, I.; Golvan, Y. J. (1986). "Les hôtes des Acanthocéphales. I — Les Hôtes intermédiaires". Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée. 61 (5): 581–592. doi:10.1051/parasite/1986615581. ISSN 0003-4150.
- ^ Golvan, Y. J.; De Buron, I. (1988). "Les hôtes des Acanthocéphales. II — Les hôtes définitifs. 1. Poissons". Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée. 63 (5): 349–375. doi:10.1051/parasite/1988635349. ISSN 0003-4150. PMID 3059956.
- ^ Roberts, Larry S.; Janovy, John Jr. (2009). Foundations of Parasitology (Eighth ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 502. ISBN 9780073028279.
- ^ Freeman, Scott, Lizabeth Allison, Michael Black, Greg Podgorski, and Kim Quillin. Biological Sciences. 5th ed. Glenview, Il: Pearson, 2014. 638. Print.
- ^ Encyclopedia of Life, retrieved July 24, 2015
- ^ Shimek, Ronald (January 2006). "Nano-Animals, Part I: Rotifers". Reefkeeping.com. Retrieved July 27, 2008.
- ^ The invertebrate tree of live; Giribet and Edgecombe 2020
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