Back حملة الأنفال Arabic Operación al-Anfal AST انفال عملیاتی AZB Анфаль Byelorussian Genocidi d'al-Anfal Catalan شاڵاوی ئەنفال CKB Operace al-Anfal Czech Anfal-Operation German Operaco Anfal Esperanto Operación al-Anfal Spanish
| Anfal campaign | |
|---|---|
| Part of the Iran–Iraq War | |
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| Location | Kurdistan Region, Iraq |
| Date | February–September 1988 |
| Target | Peshmerga Kurdish civilians Iranian Armed Forces |
Attack type | |
| Deaths | See Death toll: |
| Perpetrator | Ba'athist Iraq |
| Motive | Counterinsurgency, Anti-Kurdish sentiment, Arabization |
| Convicted | Saddam Hussein Ali Hassan al-Majid Hussein Rashid |
| ||
|---|---|---|
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The Anfal campaign[a] was a counterinsurgency operation which was carried out by Ba'athist Iraq from February to September 1988 during the Iraqi–Kurdish conflict at the end of the Iran–Iraq War. The campaign targeted rural Kurds[7] because its purpose was to eliminate Kurdish rebel groups and Arabize strategic parts of the Kirkuk Governorate.[8] The Ba'athist regime committed atrocities on the local Kurdish population, mostly civilians.[9] Although primarily targeting Kurds, other non-Arabs also fell victim to the Anfal campaign.[10]
The Iraqi forces were led by Ali Hassan al-Majid, on the orders of President Saddam Hussein. The campaign's name was taken from the title of the eighth chapter of the Qur'an (al-ʾanfāl).
In 1993, Human Rights Watch released a report on the Anfal campaign based on documents captured by Kurdish rebels during the 1991 uprisings in Iraq; HRW described it as a genocide and estimated between 50,000 and 100,000 deaths. This characterization of the Anfal campaign was disputed by a 2007 Hague court ruling, which stated that the evidences from the documents were not sufficient to establish the charge of genocide.[b] Although many Iraqi Arabs reject that there were any mass killings of Kurdish civilians during Anfal,[11] the event is an important element constituting Kurdish national identity.
- ^ Black 1993, p. 345.
- ^ Makiya, Kanan (1994). Cruelty and Silence: War, Tyranny, Uprising, and the Arab World. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 163–168. ISBN 9780393311419.
- ^ Hardi 2011, p. 17.
- ^ a b Annual Report on International Religious Freedom 2002: Report Submitted to the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate and the Committee on International Relations, U.S. House of Representatives. United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. 2000. pp. 545
- ^ a b Bureaucracy of Repression: The Iraqi Government in Its Own Words, Joost R. Hiltermann, Human Rights Watch (Organization), 1994, pp. 26, ISBN 9781564321275
- ^ Syncretistic Religious Communities in the Near East: Collected Papers of the International Symposium “Alevism in Turkey and Comparable Syncretistic Religious Communities in the Near East in the Past and Present”, Berlin, 14–17 April 1995, 2018, pp. 171, ISBN 9789004378988
- ^ Hiltermann 2008, Victims.
- ^ Kirmanj & Rafaat 2021, p. 163.
- ^ Beeston, Richard (18 January 2010). "Halabja, the massacre the West tried to ignore". The Times. Archived from the original on 23 January 2010. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
- ^ The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Barwar, Geoffrey Khan, 2008, pp. 6, ISBN 9789047443490
- ^ Hiltermann 2008, Interpretation of facts.
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