Ankle

Ankle
Ankle
	Human ankle
	Lateral view of the human ankle
Details
Identifiers
Latin	tarsus
MeSH	D000842
TA98	A01.1.00.041
TA2	165
FMA	9665
	Anatomical terminology

The ankle, the talocrural region^[1] or the jumping bone (informal) is the area where the foot and the leg meet.^[2] The ankle includes three joints: the ankle joint proper or talocrural joint, the subtalar joint, and the inferior tibiofibular joint.^[3]^[4]^[5] The movements produced at this joint are dorsiflexion and plantarflexion of the foot. In common usage, the term ankle refers exclusively to the ankle region. In medical terminology, "ankle" (without qualifiers) can refer broadly to the region or specifically to the talocrural joint.^[1]^[6]

The main bones of the ankle region are the talus (in the foot), the tibia, and fibula (both in the leg). The talocrural joint is a synovial hinge joint that connects the distal ends of the tibia and fibula in the lower limb with the proximal end of the talus.^[7] The articulation between the tibia and the talus bears more weight than that between the smaller fibula and the talus.

^ ^a ^b Moore, Keith L.; Dalley, Arthur F.; Agur, A. M. R. (2013). "Lower Limb". Clinically Oriented Anatomy (7th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 508–669. ISBN 978-1-4511-1945-9.
^ WebMD (2009). "ankle". Webster's New World Medical Dictionary (3rd ed.). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-544-18897-6.
^ Milner, Brent K. (1999). "Musculoskeletal Imaging". In Gay, Spencer B.; Woodcock, Richard J. (eds.). Radiology Recall. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 258–383. ISBN 978-0-683-30663-7.
^ Williams, D. S. Blaise; Taunton, Jack (2007). "Foot, ankle and lower leg". In Kolt, Gregory S.; Snyder-Mackler, Lynn (eds.). Physical Therapies in Sport and Exercise. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 420–39. ISBN 978-0-443-10351-3.
^ del Castillo, Jorge (2012). "Foot and Ankle Injuries". In Adams, James G. (ed.). Emergency Medicine. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 745–55. ISBN 978-1-4557-3394-1.
^ Gray, Henry (1918). "Talocrural Articulation or Ankle-joint". Anatomy of the Human Body.
^ WebMD (2009). "ankle joint". Webster's New World Medical Dictionary (3rd ed.). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-544-18897-6.

[Moore,_Dalley_&_Agur_2013_Lower_Limb-1] Moore, Keith L.; Dalley, Arthur F.; Agur, A. M. R. (2013). "Lower Limb". Clinically Oriented Anatomy (7th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 508–669. ISBN 978-1-4511-1945-9.

[2] WebMD (2009). "ankle". Webster's New World Medical Dictionary (3rd ed.). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-544-18897-6.

[Milner_1999-3] Milner, Brent K. (1999). "Musculoskeletal Imaging". In Gay, Spencer B.; Woodcock, Richard J. (eds.). Radiology Recall. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 258–383. ISBN 978-0-683-30663-7.

[Williams_&_Taunton_2007-4] Williams, D. S. Blaise; Taunton, Jack (2007). "Foot, ankle and lower leg". In Kolt, Gregory S.; Snyder-Mackler, Lynn (eds.). Physical Therapies in Sport and Exercise. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 420–39. ISBN 978-0-443-10351-3.

[del_Castillo_2012_Foot_and_Ankle_Injuries-5] Castillo, Jorge (2012). "Foot and Ankle Injuries". In Adams, James G. (ed.). Emergency Medicine. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 745–55. ISBN 978-1-4557-3394-1.

[6] Gray, Henry (1918). "Talocrural Articulation or Ankle-joint". Anatomy of the Human Body.

[7] WebMD (2009). "ankle joint". Webster's New World Medical Dictionary (3rd ed.). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-544-18897-6.

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