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The anti-gender movement is an international movement that opposes what it refers to as "gender ideology", gender theory, or "genderism",[1] terms which cover a variety of issues,[1] and do not have a coherent definition.[2] Members of the anti-gender movement are stated to primarily include those of the right-wing and far-right political spectrum, such as right-wing populists, social conservatives, and Christian fundamentalists.[3][4] It has been linked to a shift away from liberal democracy and towards right-wing populism.[5] Anti-gender rhetoric has seen increasing circulation in trans-exclusionary radical feminist (TERF) discourse since 2016.[6] Different members of the anti-gender movement variously oppose some LGBT rights, some reproductive rights, government gender policies, gender equality, gender mainstreaming, and gender studies academic departments.[1][7][8] The Canadian Security Intelligence Service has linked the anti-gender movement to the risk of "extreme violence" against the LGBT+ community.[9]
The term gender ideology has been described by academics Stefanie Mayer and Birgit Sauer as an "empty signifier",[2] and by Agnieszka Graff as a "great name for all that conservative Catholics despise".[10] The idea of gender ideology has been described by some as a moral panic,[11][12] or a conspiracy theory, as it alleges that there is a secret cabal out to undermine society.[13][14] A report by the European Parliament linked the rise of the anti-gender movement in Europe to disinformation campaigns that are sponsored in large part by Russia.[15]
The movement derives from Catholic theology and can be dated to the late 20th century, but the protests that brought the movement to attention did not start until around 2012–2013.[16] Besides Roman Catholics, anti-gender rhetoric is used by other Christians, Confucians, Hindus, Jews, and Muslims.[17] Gender researcher Andrea Pető states that the anti-gender movement is not a form of classical anti-feminism but instead "a fundamentally new phenomenon that was launched to establish a new world order".[18]
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