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Autism

For the academic journal with the same name, see Autism (journal).

Autism
Other names
SpecialtyPsychiatry (neuropsychiatry), clinical psychology, pediatrics, occupational medicine
SymptomsDifficulties in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication; inflexible routines; narrow, restricted interests; repetitive body movements; unusual sensory responses
ComplicationsSocial isolation, educational and employment problems,[1] anxiety,[1] stress,[1] bullying, depression,[1][2] self-harm, suicidality[3][4]
Usual onsetEarly childhood
DurationLifelong
CausesMultifactorial, with many uncertain factors
Risk factorsFamily history, certain genetic conditions, having older parents, certain prescribed drugs, perinatal and neonatal health issues
Diagnostic methodBased on combination of clinical observation of behavior and development and comprehensive diagnostic testing completed by a team of qualified professionals (including psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, neuropsychologists, pediatricians, and speech–language pathologists). For adults, the use of a patient's written and oral history of autistic traits becomes more important
Differential diagnosisIntellectual disability, anxiety, bipolar disorder, depression, Rett syndrome, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, schizoid personality disorder, selective mutism, schizophrenia, fragile X syndrome, obsessive–compulsive disorder, social anxiety disorder, Einstein syndrome, post-traumatic stress disorder,[5] learning disorders (mainly speech disorders)
ManagementPositive behavior support,[6][7] applied behavior analysis, cognitive behavioral therapy, occupational therapy, psychotropic medication,[8] speech–language pathology
FrequencyOne in 100 people (1%) worldwide[9][10]

Autism spectrum disorder[a] (ASD), or simply autism, is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by repetitive, restricted, and inflexible patterns of behavior, interests, and activities, as well as difficulties in social interaction and social communication.[11] Sensory processing differences can produce difficulties in different areas, such as developing social relationships or performing instrumental activities of daily living. Common associated traits such as motor coordination impairment are not required for diagnosis. A formal diagnosis requires that symptoms cause significant impairment in multiple functional domains; in addition, the symptoms must be atypical or excessive for the person's age and sociocultural context.[12][13] Autistic traits fall on a spectrum, manifesting in different ways, with severity and support needs varying widely.[12][13][14] For example, some on the spectrum are nonverbal, while others have proficient spoken language.[15][16]

The view that autism is solely or inherently a disorder has been challenged by the neurodiversity paradigm, which frames autistic traits as a natural variation of the human condition. This view is supported by the autism rights movement and is a topic of research.[17][18][19] The neurodiversity framework has sparked significant debate among autistic people, advocacy groups, healthcare providers, and charities, with disagreements about the nature, classification, and implications of autism spectrum disorder as a diagnosis.[20]

The precise causes of autism are unknown in most individual cases. Research shows that the disorder is highly heritable and polygenic, and neurobiological risks from the environment are also relevant.[21][22][23] Boys are also diagnosed with autism at a significantly higher rate than girls.[24] Autism frequently co-occurs with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), epilepsy, and intellectual disability.[25][26][27]

The combination of broader criteria, increased awareness, and the potential increase of actual prevalence has led to considerably increased estimates of autism prevalence since the 1990s.[28][29] The World Health Organization estimates about 1 in 100 children had autism between 2012 and 2021, as that was the average estimate in studies during that period, with a trend of increasing prevalence over time.[b][9][10] This increasing prevalence has contributed to the myth perpetuated by anti-vaccine activists that autism is caused by vaccines.[30]

There is no known cure for autism. Some advocates dispute the need to find one.[31] Interventions such as applied behavior analysis (ABA), speech therapy, and occupational therapy can help these children gain self-care, social, and language skills.[32][33] Guidelines from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and European Society for Child & Adolescent Psychiatry endorse the use of ABA on the grounds that it reduces symptoms impairing daily functioning and quality of life,[32][34] but the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence cites a lack of high-quality evidence to support its use.[35] Additionally, some in the autism rights movement oppose its application due to a perception that it emphasizes normalization.[36][37][38] No medication has been shown to reduce ASD's core symptoms,[34] but some can alleviate co-occurring problems.[39][40][41]


Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

  1. ^ a b c d Bonati M, Cartabia M, Clavenna A (January 2022). "Still too much delay in recognition of autism spectrum disorder". Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences. 31 (e1). Cambridge University Press: e1. doi:10.1017/S2045796021000822. ISSN 2045-7960. LCCN 2011243374. OCLC 727338545. PMC 8786613. PMID 35012703. S2CID 245851335.
  2. ^ Pezzimenti F, Han GT, Vasa RA, Gotham K (2019). "Depression in Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder". Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 28 (3): 397–409. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2019.02.009. PMC 6512853. PMID 31076116.
  3. ^ Cassidy S, Bradley L, Shaw R, Baron-Cohen S (2018). "Risk markers for suicidality in autistic adults". Molecular Autism. 9 (1): 42. doi:10.1186/s13229-018-0226-4. ISSN 2040-2392. PMC 6069847. PMID 30083306.
  4. ^ "6 Reasons Autistic People Are at Greater Risk of Suicide". Psychology Today. Archived from the original on 11 April 2025.
  5. ^ "At the intersection of autism and trauma". Spectrum News. 26 September 2018. Archived from the original on 17 November 2022. Retrieved 17 November 2022. And people with more autistic,in other forms of PTSD
  6. ^ "What is Positive Behaviour Support?". Aspect. Archived from the original on 23 March 2025.
  7. ^ "Positive Behaviour Support (PBS)". National Autistic Society. Archived from the original on 28 February 2025.
  8. ^ "Autism's drug problem". Spectrum News. 19 April 2017. Archived from the original on 11 November 2022. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
  9. ^ a b Zeidan J, Fombonne E, Scorah J, Ibrahim A, Durkin MS, Saxena S, Yusuf A, Shih A, Elsabbagh M (15 May 2022). "Global prevalence of autism: A systematic review update". Autism Research. 15 (5): 778–790. doi:10.1002/aur.2696. ISSN 1939-3806. PMC 9310578. PMID 35238171.
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  11. ^ Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Association. 2013. p. 31.
  12. ^ a b (World Health Organization: International Classification of Diseases version 11 (ICD-11)): https://icd.who.int/browse/2024-01/mms/en#437815624
  13. ^ a b "IACC Subcommittee Diagnostic Criteria - DSM-5 Planning Group". iacc.hhs.gov. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
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  15. ^ Zhuang H, Liang Z, Ma G, Qureshi A, Ran X, Feng C, Liu X, Yan X, Shen L (2024). "Autism spectrum disorder: Pathogenesis, biomarker, and intervention therapy". Medcomm. 5 (3): e497. doi:10.1002/mco2.497. PMC 10908366. PMID 38434761.
  16. ^ Hong SJ, Valk SL, Di Martino A, Milham MP, Bernhardt BC (2017). "Multidimensional Neuroanatomical Subtyping of Autism Spectrum Disorder". Cerebral Cortex (New York, NY). 28 (10): 3578–3588. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhx229. PMC 7190887. PMID 28968847.
  17. ^ Kapp, Steven K. Autistic community and the neurodiversity movement: Stories from the frontline. Springer Nature, 2020.
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  19. ^ Dwyer, Patrick, et al. "Community views of neurodiversity, models of disability and autism intervention: Mixed methods reveal shared goals and key tensions." Autism (2024): 13623613241273029.
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  25. ^ Bertelli MO, Azeem MW, Underwood L, Scattoni ML, Persico AM, Ricciardello A, Sappok T, Bergmann T, Keller R (2022), Bertelli MO, Deb S(, Munir K, Hassiotis A (eds.), "Autism Spectrum Disorder", Textbook of Psychiatry for Intellectual Disability and Autism Spectrum Disorder, Cham: Springer International Publishing, p. 391, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-95720-3_16, ISBN 978-3-319-95720-3, retrieved 8 June 2022, Persons with autism spectrum disorder and/or other neurodevelopmental problems are more likely than the general population to have transgender identity, non-heterosexual sexual orientation, and other gender non-conformities.
  26. ^ Lord C, Charman T, Havdahl A, Carbone P, Anagnostou E, Boyd B, Carr T, de Vries PJ, Dissanayake C, Divan G, et al. (2022). "The Lancet Commission on the future of care and clinical research in autism" (PDF). The Lancet. 399 (10321): 299–300. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01541-5. hdl:11250/2975811. PMID 34883054. S2CID 244917920 – via Norwegian Institute of Public Health.
  27. ^ Graham Holmes L, Ames JL, Massolo ML, Nunez DM, Croen LA (1 April 2022). "Improving the Sexual and Reproductive Health and Health Care of Autistic People". Pediatrics. 149 (Supplement 4). American Academy of Pediatrics: e2020049437J. doi:10.1542/peds.2020-049437J. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 35363286. A substantial proportion of autistic adolescents and adults are LGBTQIA+. Autistic people are more likely to be transgender or gender nonconforming compared with non-autistic people, and findings from a recent autism registry study suggest that among autistic people able to self-report on a survey, up to 18% of men and 43% of women may be sexual minorities.
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  36. ^ "EUCAP Position Statement on ABA". EUCAP. 2 April 2024. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
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