Battle of Varna

Battle of Varna
	Part of the Crusade of Varna and the Ottoman wars in Europe
	; The Crusaders were trapped below. Their defeat permitted the Conquest of Constantinople. Beyond the Ottoman Sultan and the Janissaries was the cradle of medieval Bulgaria.
Date	9-10 November 1444
Location	Near Varna, Ottoman Empire; Present-day Bulgaria43°13′N 27°53′E / 43.217°N 27.883°E
Result	Ottoman victory
Belligerents
Ottoman Empire	Varna Crusaders: Kingdom of Poland; Kingdom of Hungary; Kingdom of Croatia; Grand Duchy of Lithuania; Kingdom of Bohemia; Principality of Wallachia; Bulgarian rebels; Kingdom of Bosnia; Papal States; Teutonic Knights Naval assistance:; Duchy of Burgundy; Republic of Venice; Republic of Ragusa; Byzantine Empire; ;
Commanders and leaders
Murad II; Prince Mehmed; Karaca Pasha	Władysław III †; John Hunyadi; Mircea II; Fruzhin; Julian Cesarini †; Stephen III Báthory †; Michael Szilágyi; Franko Talovac; Jan Chapek; Simon Rozgonyi †; John de Dominis †; Rafael Herczeg
Strength
Around 60,000 40,000–50,000 Anatolian troops; 10,000 Rumelian troops; Or in total 40,000	20,000 (6,000 Hungarians, 5,000 troops by Hunyadi, 4,000 Polish cavalry, 4,000 Wallachian cavalry, 1,000 Crusaders recruited by Cesarini); Between 30,000–40,000 or in total 80,000
Casualties and losses
Heavy casualties; 10,000–15,000	About half the army; 65,000
	class=notpageimage\| Location within Bulgaria Battle of Varna (Black Sea)

The Battle of Varna took place on November 9-10, 1444^[14] near Varna in today eastern Bulgaria. The Ottoman army under Sultan Murad II (who did not actually rule the sultanate at the time) defeated the Crusaders commanded by King Władysław III of Poland and Hungary, John Hunyadi (acting as commander of the combined Christian forces) and Mircea II of Wallachia. It was the final battle of the unsuccessful Crusade of Varna, a last-ditch effort to prevent further Ottoman expansion into the Balkans.^[15]^[16]

^ İnalcık, Halil (1954). Fatih devri üzerine tetkikler ve vesikalar. p. 107.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Frank Tallett, D. J. B. Trim. European Warfare, 1350–1750. Cambridge University Press, 2010. p. 143
^ ^a ^b Jean W. Sedlar. East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500. University of Washington Press, 2013. p. 247
^ ^a ^b ^c Setton 1978, pp. 89–90.
^ Stephen Turnbull. The Ottoman Empire 1326–1699. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2014. p. 32
^ ^a ^b Bánlaky, József. "A várnai hadjárat 1444-ben – Események a várnai csatáig" [The Campaign of Varna in 1444 - Events up to the Battle of Varna]. A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme [The Military History of the Hungarian Nation] (in Hungarian). Budapest.
^ "Sultân II. Murâd".
^ Emecen, Feridun "VARNA MUHAREBESİ". islamansiklopedisi.org. (in Turkish)
^ Osmanlı Devleti'nin Kuruluş Tarihi (1299-1481) Müneccimbaşı Ahmed B. Lütfullah
^ Varna (1444), Kosova (1448) Meydan Muharebeleri ve II.Murat. Genelkurmay Askerî Tarihi ve Stratejik Etüt Başkanlığı (PDF) (in Turkish). Kültür ve Turizim Bakanlığı. p. 79.
^ Johann Wilhelm Zinkeisen, Geschichte des osmanischen Reiches in Europa, vol: 1, pp. 700–705
^ "Battle of Varna". britannica.com.
^ Varna (1444), Kosova (1448) Meydan Muharebeleri ve II.Murat. Genelkurmay Askerî Tarihi ve Stratejik Etüt Başkanlığı (PDF) (in Turkish). Kültür ve Turizim Bakanlığı. p. 79.
^ "Varna Crusade (1444)". erenow.org.
^ Bodnar, Edward W. Ciriaco d'Ancona e la crociata di Varna, nuove prospettive. Il Veltro 27, nos. 1–2 (1983): 235–51
^ Halecki, Oscar, The Crusade of Varna. New York, 1943

[1] İnalcık, Halil (1954). Fatih devri üzerine tetkikler ve vesikalar. p. 107.

[Warfare-2] Frank Tallett, D. J. B. Trim. European Warfare, 1350–1750. Cambridge University Press, 2010. p. 143

[Sedlar-3] Jean W. Sedlar. East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500. University of Washington Press, 2013. p. 247

[FOOTNOTESetton197889–90-4] Setton 1978, pp. 89–90.

[5] Stephen Turnbull. The Ottoman Empire 1326–1699. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2014. p. 32

[Banlaky-6] Bánlaky, József. "A várnai hadjárat 1444-ben – Események a várnai csatáig" [The Campaign of Varna in 1444 - Events up to the Battle of Varna]. A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme [The Military History of the Hungarian Nation] (in Hungarian). Budapest.

[7] "Sultân II. Murâd".

[tdv-8] Emecen, Feridun "VARNA MUHAREBESİ". islamansiklopedisi.org. (in Turkish)

[9] Osmanlı Devleti'nin Kuruluş Tarihi (1299-1481) Müneccimbaşı Ahmed B. Lütfullah

[10] Varna (1444), Kosova (1448) Meydan Muharebeleri ve II.Murat. Genelkurmay Askerî Tarihi ve Stratejik Etüt Başkanlığı (PDF) (in Turkish). Kültür ve Turizim Bakanlığı. p. 79.

[Geschichte-11] Johann Wilhelm Zinkeisen, Geschichte des osmanischen Reiches in Europa, vol: 1, pp. 700–705

[12] "Battle of Varna". britannica.com.

[13] Varna (1444), Kosova (1448) Meydan Muharebeleri ve II.Murat. Genelkurmay Askerî Tarihi ve Stratejik Etüt Başkanlığı (PDF) (in Turkish). Kültür ve Turizim Bakanlığı. p. 79.

[14] "Varna Crusade (1444)". erenow.org.

[15] Bodnar, Edward W. Ciriaco d'Ancona e la crociata di Varna, nuove prospettive. Il Veltro 27, nos. 1–2 (1983): 235–51

[16] Halecki, Oscar, The Crusade of Varna. New York, 1943

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