Black-box testing

Black box systems
Black box systems
System
	Black box, Oracle machine
Methods and techniques
	Black-box testing, Blackboxing
Related techniques
	Feed forward, Obfuscation, Pattern recognition, White box, White-box testing, Gray-box testing, System identification
Fundamentals
	A priori information, Control systems, Open systems, Operations research, Thermodynamic systems
	v; t; e;

Black-box testing, sometimes referred to as specification-based testing,^[1] is a method of software testing that examines the functionality of an application without peering into its internal structures or workings. This method of test can be applied virtually to every level of software testing: unit, integration, system and acceptance. Black-box testing is also used as a method in penetration testing, where an ethical hacker simulates an external hacking or cyber warfare attack with no knowledge of the system being attacked.

^ Jerry Gao; H.-S. J. Tsao; Ye Wu (2003). Testing and Quality Assurance for Component-based Software. Artech House. pp. 170–. ISBN 978-1-58053-735-3.

[1] Jerry Gao; H.-S. J. Tsao; Ye Wu (2003). Testing and Quality Assurance for Component-based Software. Artech House. pp. 170–. ISBN 978-1-58053-735-3.

[1]