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Borrelia

Borrelia
"Borrelia burgdorferi" the causative agent of Lyme disease (borreliosis) magnified 400 times
Borrelia burgdorferi the causative agent of Lyme disease (borreliosis) magnified 400 times
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Spirochaetota
Class: Spirochaetia
Order: Spirochaetales
Family: Borreliaceae
Genus: Borrelia
Swellengrebel, 1907
Type species
Borrelia gallinara
(Sakharoff 1891) Bergey et al. 1925
Species

See text

Synonyms
  • Borreliella Adeolu & Gupta 2015
  • "Cacospira" Enderlein 1917
  • Spironema Bergy et al. 1923 non Vuillemin 1905 non Klebs 1892 non Léger & Hesse 1922 non Rafinesque 1838 non Hochst. 1842 non Lindley 1840 non Meek 1864
  • "Spiroschaudinnia" Sambon 1907

Borrelia is a genus of bacteria of the spirochete phylum.[1] Several species cause Lyme disease, also called Lyme borreliosis, a zoonotic, vector-borne disease transmitted by ticks. Other species of Borrelia cause relapsing fever, and are transmitted by ticks or lice, depending on the species of bacteria.[2] A few Borrelia species as Candidatus Borrelia mahuryensis harbor intermediate genetic features between Lyme disease and relapsing fever Borrelia.[3] The genus is named after French biologist Amédée Borrel (1867–1936), who first documented the distinction between a species of Borrelia, B. anserina, and the other known type of spirochete at the time, Treponema pallidum.[4] This bacterium must be viewed using dark-field microscopy,[5] which make the cells appear white against a dark background. Borrelia species are grown in Barbour-Stoenner-Kelly medium.[5] Of 52 known species of Borrelia, 20 are members of the Lyme disease group (with an additional 3 proposed),[6] 29 belong to the relapsing fever group, and two are members of a genetically distinct third group typically found in reptiles.[4] A proposal has been made to split the Lyme disease group based on genetic diversity and move them to their own genus, Borelliella,[7] but this change is not widely accepted.[4] This bacterium uses hard and soft ticks and lice as vectors.[8][9] Testing for the presence of the bacteria in a human includes two-tiered serological testing, including immunoassays and immunoblotting.[10]

  1. ^ Parte AC (January 2014). "LPSN--list of prokaryotic names with standing in nomenclature". Nucleic Acids Research. 42 (Database issue): D613–D616. doi:10.1093/nar/gkt1111. PMC 3965054. PMID 24243842.
  2. ^ Radolf JD, Samuels DS, eds. (2021). Lyme Disease and Relapsing Fever Spirochetes: Genomics, Molecular Biology, Host Interactions, and Disease Pathogenesis. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-913652-61-6.
  3. ^ Binetruy F, Garnier S, Boulanger N, Talagrand-Reboul É, Loire E, Faivre B, et al. (June 2020). "A novel Borrelia species, intermediate between Lyme disease and relapsing fever groups, in neotropical passerine-associated ticks". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 10596. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1010596B. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-66828-7. PMC 7327063. PMID 32606328.
  4. ^ a b c Cutler SJ, Ruzic-Sabljic E, Potkonjak A (February 2017). "Emerging borreliae - Expanding beyond Lyme borreliosis" (PDF). Molecular and Cellular Probes. 31: 22–27. doi:10.1016/j.mcp.2016.08.003. PMID 27523487.
  5. ^ a b Todar K (2006). Todar's Online Textbook of Bacteriology. University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Bacteriology. OCLC 803733454.
  6. ^ Wolcott KA, Margos G, Fingerle V, Becker NS (September 2021). "Host association of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato: A review". Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases. 12 (5): 101766. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101766. PMID 34161868.
  7. ^ Adeolu M, Gupta RS (June 2014). "A phylogenomic and molecular marker based proposal for the division of the genus Borrelia into two genera: the emended genus Borrelia containing only the members of the relapsing fever Borrelia, and the genus Borreliella gen. nov. containing the members of the Lyme disease Borrelia (Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex)". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 105 (6): 1049–1072. doi:10.1007/s10482-014-0164-x. PMID 24744012.
  8. ^ Shapiro ED (December 2014). "Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease)". Pediatrics in Review. 35 (12). Elsevier: 500–509. doi:10.1542/pir.35-12-500. ISBN 9780702034688. PMC 5029759. PMID 25452659.
  9. ^ Petri WA (2012). "330 - Relapsing Fever and Other Borrelia Infections". Goldman's Cecil Medicine. Vol. 2 (Twenty-Fourth ed.). pp. 1935–1937. doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-1604-7.00330-4. ISBN 9781437716047.
  10. ^ Marques AR (June 2015). "Laboratory diagnosis of Lyme disease: advances and challenges". Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 29 (2): 295–307. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2015.02.005. PMC 4441761. PMID 25999225.

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