Brain ischemia

Brain ischemia
Other names	Cerebral ischemia, Cerebrovascular ischemia
CT scan slice of the brain showing a right-hemispheric cerebral infarct (left side of image).
Specialty	Vascular surgeon

Brain ischemia is a condition in which there is insufficient bloodflow to the brain to meet metabolic demand.^[1] This leads to poor oxygen supply or cerebral hypoxia and thus leads to the death of brain tissue or cerebral infarction/ischemic stroke.^[2] It is a sub-type of stroke along with subarachnoid hemorrhage and intracerebral hemorrhage.^[3]

Ischemia leads to alterations in brain metabolism, reduction in metabolic rates, and energy crisis.^[4]

There are two types of ischemia: focal ischemia, which is confined to a specific region of the brain; and global ischemia, which encompasses wide areas of brain tissue.

The main symptoms of brain ischemia involve impairments in vision, body movement, and speaking. The causes of brain ischemia vary from sickle cell anemia to congenital heart defects. Symptoms of brain ischemia can include unconsciousness, blindness, problems with coordination, and weakness in the body. Other effects that may result from brain ischemia are stroke, cardiorespiratory arrest, and irreversible brain damage.

An interruption of blood flow to the brain for more than 10 seconds causes unconsciousness, and an interruption in flow for more than a few minutes generally results in irreversible brain damage.^[5] In 1974, Hossmann and Zimmermann demonstrated that ischemia induced in mammalian brains for up to an hour can be at least partially recovered.^[6] Accordingly, this discovery raised the possibility of intervening after brain ischemia before the damage becomes irreversible.^[7]