Back Boedapest-memorandum Afrikaans مذكرة بودابست للضمانات الأمنية Arabic Budapeşt memorandumu Azerbaijani Будапешцкі мемарандум Byelorussian Будапэшцкі мэмарандум BE-X-OLD Memoràndum de Budapest Catalan Budapešťské memorandum Czech Budapest-memorandummet Danish Budapester Memorandum German Μνημόνιο της Βουδαπέστης Greek
| Memorandum on Security Assurances in connection with the Republic of Belarus'/Republic of Kazakhstan's/Ukraine's accession to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons | |
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 U.S. President Clinton, Russian President Yeltsin, and Ukrainian President Kravchuk after signing the Trilateral Statement in Moscow on 14 January 1994 | |
| Signed | 5 December 1994 |
| Location | Budapest, Hungary |
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Full text at  Wikisource | |
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The Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances comprises four substantially identical political agreements signed at the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) in Budapest, Hungary, on 5 December 1994, to provide security assurances by its signatories relating to the accession of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). The four memoranda were originally signed by four nuclear powers: Ukraine, Russia, the United States, and the United Kingdom.[1] France and China gave individual assurances in separate documents.[2]
The memoranda, signed in Patria Hall at the Budapest Convention Center with U.S. Ambassador Donald M. Blinken amongst others in attendance,[3] prohibited Russia, the United States, and the United Kingdom from threatening or using military force or economic coercion against Ukraine, Belarus, and Kazakhstan, "except in self-defence or otherwise in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations." As a result of other agreements and the memorandum, between 1993 and 1996, Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine gave up their nuclear weapons.[4][5]
Russia violated the Budapest memorandum in 2014 with its annexation of Ukraine's Crimea.[6][7] As a response, the United States, United Kingdom, and France provided Ukraine with financial and military assistance, and imposed economic sanctions on Russia, while ruling out "any direct interventions to avoid a direct confrontation with Russia".[6]
- ^ Paull, John (2023). War in Ukraine: Treaty to Treachery Archived 10 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine, in Proceedings of Russia-Ukraine War: Consequences for the World, 3rd International Scientific and Practical Internet Conference, March 2–3, 2023. WayScience, Dnipro, Ukraine (pp. 18–20)
- ^ Vasylenko, Volodymyr (15 December 2009). "On assurances without guarantees in a 'shelved document'". The Day. Archived from the original on 21 August 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
- ^ "1994 Public Papers 2146 – Remarks at the Denuclearization Agreements Signing Ceremony in Budapest". Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: William J. Clinton (1994, Book II). 5 December 1994. Archived from the original on 19 August 2022. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
- ^ Harahan, Joseph P. (2014). "With Courage and Persistence: Eliminating and Securing Weapons of Mass Destruction with the Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Programs" (PDF). DTRA History Series. Defense Threat Reduction Agency. pp. 101–134, 186. ASIN B01LYEJ56H. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
- ^ "Memorandum on security assurances in connection with Ukraine's accession to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons". treaties.un.org. 5 December 1994. Archived from the original on 2 April 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
- ^ a b Jakupec, Viktor (2024). Dynamics of the Ukraine War: Diplomatic Challenges and Geopolitical Uncertainties. Springer Nature. p. 27. ISBN 978-3-031-52444-8.
- ^ Rothman, Maarten; Peperkamp, Lonneke; Rietjens, Sebastiaan (2024). Reflections on the Russia-Ukraine War. Amsterdam University Press. p. 522. ISBN 978-90-8728-434-3.
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