CNQX

CNQX
Names
	Preferred IUPAC name 7-Nitro-2,3-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxaline-6-carbonitrile
Identifiers
CAS Number	115066-14-3 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL222418 ;
ChemSpider	2951930 ;
IUPHAR/BPS	5475;
KEGG	C13668 ;
PubChem CID	3721046;
UNII	6OTE87SCCW ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID40893918 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C9H4N4O4/c10-3-4-1-5-6(2-7(4)13(16)17)12-9(15)8(14)11-5/h1-2H,(H,11,14)(H,12,15) Key: RPXVIAFEQBNEAX-UHFFFAOYSA-N ; InChI=1/C9H4N4O4/c10-3-4-1-5-6(2-7(4)13(16)17)12-9(15)8(14)11-5/h1-2H,(H,11,14)(H,12,15) Key: RPXVIAFEQBNEAX-UHFFFAOYAV;
	SMILES [O-][N+](=O)c1c(C#N)cc2c(c1)NC(=O)C(=O)N2;
Properties
Chemical formula	C9H4N4O4
Molar mass	232.15 g/mol
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

CNQX or cyanquixaline (6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione) is a competitive AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist. Its chemical formula is C₉H₄N₄O₄. CNQX is often used in the retina to block the responses of OFF-bipolar cells for electrophysiology recordings.^[1]

CNQX is an antagonist of α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs).^[2] A study of the effects of CNQX on vestibuloocular reflex adaptation was done on goldfish by injecting CNQX into the vestibulo-cerebullum.^[3] The injection before adaptation significantly decreased and at the highest doses, completely inhibited the acquisition of adaptive reflex gain increases and decreases during a three-hour training period. Baseline performance was not affected by the CNQX injections. Injections of CNQX at the end of the training period shows a rapid loss of gained vestibuloocular reflex adaptation when the goldfish remained stationary in the dark. Instead of injecting CNQX immediately after training, injection made one to two hours after the initiation of the training period showed no signs of altering performance. CNQX injections did not have long-term permanent effects on the goldfish's ability to be retrained 48-hours later and was comparable to a control group that was not subjected to CNQX injections. CNQX did not inhibit adaptive changes while the injection was administered.

^ Sasaki T, Kaneko A (March 1996). "L-Glutamate-induced responses in OFF-type bipolar cells of the cat retina". Vision Research. 36 (6): 787–95. doi:10.1016/0042-6989(95)00176-X. PMID 8736215. S2CID 17437312.
^ Attwell PJ, Rahman S, Ivarsson M, Yeo CH (December 1999). "Cerebellar cortical AMPA-kainate receptor blockade prevents performance of classically conditioned nictitating membrane responses". The Journal of Neuroscience. 19 (24): RC45. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-24-j0003.1999. PMC 6784969. PMID 10594089.
^ Carter TL, McElligott JG (October 2005). "Cerebellar AMPA/KA receptor antagonism by CNQX inhibits vestibuloocular reflex adaptation". Experimental Brain Research. 166 (2): 157–69. doi:10.1007/s00221-005-2349-z. PMID 16082536. S2CID 2352523.

[1] Sasaki T, Kaneko A (March 1996). "L-Glutamate-induced responses in OFF-type bipolar cells of the cat retina". Vision Research. 36 (6): 787–95. doi:10.1016/0042-6989(95)00176-X. PMID 8736215. S2CID 17437312.

[2] Attwell PJ, Rahman S, Ivarsson M, Yeo CH (December 1999). "Cerebellar cortical AMPA-kainate receptor blockade prevents performance of classically conditioned nictitating membrane responses". The Journal of Neuroscience. 19 (24): RC45. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-24-j0003.1999. PMC 6784969. PMID 10594089.

[3] Carter TL, McElligott JG (October 2005). "Cerebellar AMPA/KA receptor antagonism by CNQX inhibits vestibuloocular reflex adaptation". Experimental Brain Research. 166 (2): 157–69. doi:10.1007/s00221-005-2349-z. PMID 16082536. S2CID 2352523.

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