Cannabis culture

Cannabis culture describes a social atmosphere or series of associated social behaviors that depends heavily upon cannabis consumption, particularly as an entheogen, recreational drug and medicine.

Historically cannabis has been used an entheogen to induce spiritual experiences – most notably in the Indian subcontinent since the Vedic period dating back to approximately 1500 BCE, but perhaps as far back as 2000 BCE.^[1] Its entheogenic use was also recorded in Ancient China,^[2] the Germanic peoples,^[3] the Celts,^[4] Ancient Central Asia,^[5]^[6] and Africa.^[7]^[8] In modern times, spiritual use of the plant is mostly associated with the Rastafari movement of Jamaica. Several Western subcultures have had marijuana consumption as an idiosyncratic feature, such as hippies, beatniks, hipsters (both the 1940s subculture and the contemporary subculture), ravers and hip hop.

Cannabis has now "evolved its own language, humour, etiquette, art, literature and music".^[9] Nick Brownlee writes: "Perhaps because of its ancient mystical and spiritual roots, because of the psychotherapeutic effects of the drug and because it is illegal, even the very act of smoking a joint has deep symbolism."^[9] However, the culture of cannabis as "the manifestation of introspection and bodily passivity" — which has generated a negative "slacker" stereotype around its consumers — is a relatively modern concept, as cannabis has been consumed in various forms for almost 5,000 years.^[9] New research published in the International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology claims to have refuted the "lazy stoner stereotype".^[10] The study finds that regular cannabis users were no more likely than non-users to be apathetic or anhedonic (to experience a loss of interest or pleasure).^[11]

The counterculture of the 1960s has been identified as the era that "sums up the glory years of modern cannabis culture", with the Woodstock Festival serving as "the pinnacle of the hippie revolution in the US, and in many people's opinion the ultimate example of cannabis culture at work".^[9] The influence of cannabis has encompassed holidays (most notably 4/20), cinema (such as the exploitation and stoner film genres), music (particularly jazz, reggae, psychedelia and rap music), and magazines including High Times and Cannabis Culture. Cannabis culture has also infiltrated chess culture, whereby the "Bongcloud Attack" denotes a highly risky opening sequence.

^ Courtwright, David (2001). Forces of Habit: Drugs and the Making of the Modern World. Harvard Univ. Press. p. 39. ISBN 0-674-00458-2. Archived from the original on April 20, 2023. Retrieved October 25, 2020.
^ Joseph Needham and Gwei-djen Lu (1974). Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology; Part 2, Spagyrical Discovery and Invention: Magisteries of Gold and Immortality. Cambridge University Press, p. 152 Archived April 20, 2023, at the Wayback Machine
^ Rätsch, Christian (2003–2004). The Sacred Plants of our Ancestors. Vol. 2. Ultra. ISBN 0-9720292-1-4. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ Creighton, John (2000). Coins and Power in Late Iron Age Britain. Cambridge University Press. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-521-77207-5.
^ Booth, Martin (2005). Cannabis: A History. Picador. p. 29. As the seeds of cannabis contain no psycho-active chemicals, it is believed the Scythians were actually casting cannabis flowers onto the stones.
^ "Lab work to identify 2,800-year-old mummy of shaman". People's Daily Online. 2006. Archived from the original on November 3, 2013. Retrieved September 10, 2016.
^ Dunhill, Alfred (1924). The Pipe Book. London: A & C Black.
^ Rubin, 1975. p.45
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Brownlee, 2002. "01: Culture"
^ Skumlien, Martine; Mokrysz, Claire; Freeman, Tom P.; Valton, Vincent; Wall, Matthew B.; Bloomfield, Michael; Lees, Rachel; Borissova, Anna; Petrilli, Kat; Giugliano, Manuela; Clisu, Denisa; Langley, Christelle; Sahakian, Barbara J.; Curran, H Valerie; Lawn, Will (August 24, 2022). "Anhedonia, apathy, pleasure, and effort-based decision-making in adult and adolescent cannabis users and controls". International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 26 (1): 9–19. doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyac056. PMC 9850660. PMID 35999024.
^ Skumlien, Martine; Mokrysz, Claire; Freeman, Tom P.; Valton, Vincent; Wall, Matthew B.; Bloomfield, Michael; Lees, Rachel; Borissova, Anna; Petrilli, Kat; Giugliano, Manuela; Clisu, Denisa; Langley, Christelle; Sahakian, Barbara J.; Curran, H Valerie; Lawn, Will (August 24, 2022). "Anhedonia, apathy, pleasure, and effort-based decision-making in adult and adolescent cannabis users and controls". International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 26 (1): 9–19. doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyac056. PMC 9850660. PMID 35999024.

[1] Courtwright, David (2001). Forces of Habit: Drugs and the Making of the Modern World. Harvard Univ. Press. p. 39. ISBN 0-674-00458-2. Archived from the original on April 20, 2023. Retrieved October 25, 2020.

[2] Joseph Needham and Gwei-djen Lu (1974). Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology; Part 2, Spagyrical Discovery and Invention: Magisteries of Gold and Immortality. Cambridge University Press, p. 152 Archived April 20, 2023, at the Wayback Machine

[3] Rätsch, Christian (2003–2004). The Sacred Plants of our Ancestors. Vol. 2. Ultra. ISBN 0-9720292-1-4. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)

[4] Creighton, John (2000). Coins and Power in Late Iron Age Britain. Cambridge University Press. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-521-77207-5.

[5] Booth, Martin (2005). Cannabis: A History. Picador. p. 29. As the seeds of cannabis contain no psycho-active chemicals, it is believed the Scythians were actually casting cannabis flowers onto the stones.

[peoplesdaily-6] "Lab work to identify 2,800-year-old mummy of shaman". People's Daily Online. 2006. Archived from the original on November 3, 2013. Retrieved September 10, 2016.

[Dunhill-7] Dunhill, Alfred (1924). The Pipe Book. London: A & C Black.

[Rubin45-8] Rubin, 1975. p.45

[Brownlee01-9] Brownlee, 2002. "01: Culture"

[10] Skumlien, Martine; Mokrysz, Claire; Freeman, Tom P.; Valton, Vincent; Wall, Matthew B.; Bloomfield, Michael; Lees, Rachel; Borissova, Anna; Petrilli, Kat; Giugliano, Manuela; Clisu, Denisa; Langley, Christelle; Sahakian, Barbara J.; Curran, H Valerie; Lawn, Will (August 24, 2022). "Anhedonia, apathy, pleasure, and effort-based decision-making in adult and adolescent cannabis users and controls". International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 26 (1): 9–19. doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyac056. PMC 9850660. PMID 35999024.

[11] Skumlien, Martine; Mokrysz, Claire; Freeman, Tom P.; Valton, Vincent; Wall, Matthew B.; Bloomfield, Michael; Lees, Rachel; Borissova, Anna; Petrilli, Kat; Giugliano, Manuela; Clisu, Denisa; Langley, Christelle; Sahakian, Barbara J.; Curran, H Valerie; Lawn, Will (August 24, 2022). "Anhedonia, apathy, pleasure, and effort-based decision-making in adult and adolescent cannabis users and controls". International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 26 (1): 9–19. doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyac056. PMC 9850660. PMID 35999024.

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