Back Чад Abkhazian Chad ACE Чад ADY Tsjad Afrikaans Tschad ALS ቻድ Amharic Chad AMI Chad AN Cead ANG Chad ANN
Republic of Chad | |
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| Motto: | |
Anthem:
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| Capital and largest city | N'Djamena 12°06′19″N 15°02′41″E / 12.10528°N 15.04472°E |
| Official languages | |
| Religion (2020)[1] |
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| Demonym(s) | Chadian |
| Government | Unitary semi-presidential republic under a hereditary dictatorship |
| Mahamat Déby | |
| Allamaye Halina | |
| Legislature | Bicameral Parliament[2] |
| Senate | |
| National Assembly | |
| Independence from France | |
• Colony established | 5 September 1900 |
• Autonomy granted | 28 November 1958 |
• Sovereign state | 11 August 1960 |
| Area | |
• Total | 1,300,000 km2 (500,000 sq mi) (20th) |
• Water (%) | 1.9 |
| Population | |
• 2024 estimate |  19,093,595[3] (66th) |
• Density | 14.4/km2 (37.3/sq mi) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2023 estimate |
• Total | $32.375 billion[4] (147th) |
• Per capita | $1,806[4] (179th) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2023 estimate |
• Total | $12.596 billion[4] (145th) |
• Per capita | $702[4] (183rd) |
| Gini (2022) |  37.4[5]medium inequality |
| HDI (2022) | 0.394[6] low (189th) |
| Currency | Central African CFA franc (XAF) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (West Africa Time) |
• Summer (DST) | (Not Observed) |
| Calling code | +235 |
| ISO 3166 code | TD |
| Internet TLD | .td |
Chad,[a] officially the Republic of Chad,[b] is a landlocked country at the crossroads of North and Central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon to the southwest, Nigeria to the southwest (at Lake Chad), and Niger to the west. Chad has a population of 16 million, of which 1.6 million live in the capital and largest city of N'Djamena. With a total area of around 1,300,000 km2 (500,000 sq mi),[7] Chad is the fifth-largest country in Africa and the twentieth largest nation by area.
Chad has several regions: the Sahara desert in the north, an arid zone in the centre known as the Sahel, and a more fertile Sudanian Savanna zone in the south. Lake Chad, after which the country is named, is the second-largest wetland in Africa. Chad's official languages are Arabic and French.[8] It is home to over 200 ethnic and linguistic groups. Islam (55.1%) and Christianity (41.1%) are the main religions practiced in Chad.[1][9]
Beginning in the 7th millennium BC, human populations moved into the Chadian basin in great numbers. By the end of the 1st millennium AD, a series of states and empires had risen and fallen in Chad's Sahelian strip, each focused on controlling the trans-Saharan trade routes that passed through the region. France conquered the territory by 1920 and incorporated it as part of French Equatorial Africa. In 1960, Chad obtained independence under the leadership of François Tombalbaye. Resentment towards his policies in the Muslim north culminated in the eruption of a long-lasting civil war in 1965. In 1979 the rebels conquered the capital and put an end to the South's hegemony. The rebel commanders then fought amongst themselves until Hissène Habré defeated his rivals. The Chadian–Libyan conflict erupted in 1978 by the Libyan invasion which stopped in 1987 with a French military intervention (Operation Épervier). Hissène Habré was overthrown in turn in 1990 by his general Idriss Déby. With French support, a modernisation of the Chad National Army was initiated in 1991. From 2003, the Darfur crisis in Sudan spilt over the border and destabilised the nation. Already poor, the nation struggled to accommodate the hundreds of thousands of Sudanese refugees in eastern Chad.
While many political parties participated in Chad's legislature, the National Assembly, power laid firmly in the hands of the Patriotic Salvation Movement during the presidency of Idriss Déby, whose rule was described as authoritarian.[10][11][12] After President Déby was killed by FACT rebels in April 2021, the Transitional Military Council led by his son Mahamat Déby assumed control of the government and dissolved the Assembly.[13] Chad remains plagued by political violence and recurrent attempted coups d'état. Chad ranks the 4th lowest in the Human Development Index and is among the poorest and most corrupt countries. Most of its inhabitants live in poverty as subsistence herders and farmers. Since 2003 crude oil has become the country's primary source of export earnings. Chad has a poor human rights record.
- ^ a b "Religions in Chad | PEW-GRF". Archived from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 11 August 2022.
- ^ Ngarbe, Eluard (4 February 2025). "Le MPS lance sa campagne pour le Sénat". Manara Radio Télévision (in French).
- ^ "Chad". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 22 June 2023. (Archived 2023 edition.)
- ^ a b c d "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Chad)". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 10 October 2023. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
- ^ "Gini Index coefficient". The World Factbook. Retrieved 24 September 2024.
- ^ "Human Development Report 2023/24" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
- ^ "Le TCHAD en bref" (in French). INSEED. 22 July 2013. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
- ^ "Glottolog 4.8 – Languages of Chad". glottolog.org. Archived from the original on 15 August 2023. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
- ^ "Enquête Démographique et de Santé 1996–1997" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
- ^ "Chad's authoritarian Deby unwilling to quit". Deutsche Welle. 8 April 2016. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
- ^ Haynes, Suyin (28 March 2019). "This African Country Has Had a Yearlong Ban on Social Media. Here's What's Behind the Blackout". Time. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
- ^ Werman, Marco (5 June 2012). "ExxonMobil and Chad's Authoritarian Regime: An 'Unholy Bargain'". The World. Public Radio International. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
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