Back شارل موراس Arabic شارل موراس ARZ Charles Maurras AST Моррас Шарль Bashkir Charles Maurras Breton Charles Maurras Catalan شارلو مۆراس CKB Charles Maurras Corsican Charles Maurras Czech Charles Maurras German
Charles Maurras | |
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 Maurras in 1937 | |
| Born | Charles-Marie-Photius Maurras 20 April 1868 |
| Died | 16 November 1952 (aged 84) |
| Awards | Order of the Francisque |
| Philosophical work | |
| Era | 20th century philosophy |
| Region | Western philosophy |
| School | |
| Main interests | Political philosophy |
| Notable works | |
| Notable ideas | Maurrassisme |
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| Conservatism in France |
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Charles-Marie-Photius Maurras (/mɔːˈrɑːs/;[1] French: [ʃaʁl moʁas]; 20 April 1868 – 16 November 1952) was a French author, politician, poet, and critic. He was an organizer and principal philosopher of Action Française, a political movement that was monarchist, corporatist, anti-parliamentarist, and counter-revolutionary. Maurras also held anti-capitalist, anti-communist, anti-Liberal, anti-Masonic, anti-Nazi, anti-Protestant, and antisemitic views. His ideas greatly influenced National Catholicism and integral nationalism,[2] and led to the political doctrine of Maurrassisme.
Raised Catholic, Maurras went deaf and became an agnostic in his youth, but remained anti-secularist and politically supportive of the Church. An Orléanist, he began his career by writing literary criticism and became politically active as a leading anti-Dreyfusard. In 1926, Pope Pius XI issued a controversial papal condemnation of Action Française, which was swiftly repealed by Pope Pius XII in 1939. Maurras was elected to the Académie Française in 1938, and later expelled in 1945.
In 1936, after voicing death threats against the socialist politician Léon Blum, Maurras was sentenced to eight months in La Santé. While imprisoned, he received the support of Marie-Pauline Martin, Henry Bordeaux, Pius XI, and up to 60,000 sympathetic citizens.[3] During World War II, Maurras opposed Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, but supported Vichy France, believing that Free France was a puppet of the Soviet Union.[4][5] He explained his support for Vichy, writing: "As a royalist I never lost sight of the necessity of monarchy. But to enthrone the royal heir, the heritage had to be saved."[6] After Vichy's collapse, he was arrested and accused of complicity with the enemy.[6] Following a political trial, he was convicted of incitement to murder, and received Indignité nationale and a life sentence. In 1951, after falling ill, he was transferred to a hospital and subsequently received a medical pardon. In his final days, he reverted to Catholicism and received the last rites shortly before his death.
As a political theorist and major right-wing intellectual of 20th-century Europe, Maurras significantly influenced right-wing and far-right ideologies, anticipating some of the ideas of fascism.[7] He has been described as the most important French conservative intellectual,[8] and has directly influenced a large number of politicians, theorists, and writers on both the left and right, including Althusser, Bannon, Bernanos, Billot, Blondin, Carulla, Coughlin, Degrelle, Descoqs, Déon, Douglas, Dumézil, Duplessis, Eliot, Evola, Ferrara, Franco, de Gaulle, Heidegger, Henri of Orléans, Hulme, Irazusta, Kuehnelt-Leddihn, Lacan, Laurent, Macron, Maritain, Maulnier, Maura, Mauriac, de Oliveira, Osma, Pereyra, Perón, Pétain, Poincaré, Pradera, Salazar, Sardinha, Schmitt, Sorel, Thibon, Vallenilla, and Zemmour.
Maurras' legacy has remained controversial to this day. Critics have derided him as a "fascist icon", while supporters, including Georges Pompidou, have praised him as a prophet. Others, including Macron, have taken a nuanced approach, with Macron stating: "I fight all the antisemitic ideas of Maurras, but I find it absurd to say that Maurras must no longer exist."[9][10]
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- ^ French Resistance 1940 - WW2 on YouTube
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Rojaswas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Stéphane Giocanti (2006). Charles Maurras : le chaos et l'ordre (in French). pp. 392–393.
- ^ Giocanti, p. 444-447
- ^ Octave Martin (alias Charles Maurras), "In the service of Hitler", Aspects of the France, 3 February 1949.
- ^ a b Tucker, William R. (November 1955). The Legacy of Charles Maurras. Vol. 17. University of Chicago Press, Southern Political Science Association. pp. 570–589. doi:10.2307/2126615. JSTOR 2126615. S2CID 154447641.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ "Charles Maurras | French writer and political theorist". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
- ^ Alain de Benoist (20 March 2007). "A Celebration of Conservative Politics in France". Kirkcenter.org.
- ^ Pinkoski, Nathan (November 2019). "The Revenge of Maurras". First Things.
- ^ "Macron criticized over comments on antisemitic figure Philippe Pétain". The Jerusalem Post. 30 December 2020.
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