Cheka

All-Russian Extraordinary Commission
Всероссийская чрезвычайная комиссия (Russian)
	Badge commemorating 5 years of the Cheka–GPU, issued in 1922
Agency overview
Formed	December 20, 1917
Preceding agencies	Okhrana; PVRK;
Dissolved	February 6, 1922
Superseding agency	GPU under NKVD RSFSR;
Type	State security
Headquarters	2 Gorokhovaya Street, Petrograd; Lubyanka Square, Moscow;
Agency executive	Felix Dzerzhinsky;
Parent agency	Council of People's Commissars (Sovnarkom)

The All-Russian Extraordinary Commission (Russian: Всероссийская чрезвычайная комиссия, romanized: Vserossiyskaya chrezvychaynaya komissiya, IPA: [fsʲɪrɐˈsʲijskəjə tɕrʲɪzvɨˈtɕæjnəjə kɐˈmʲisʲɪjə]), abbreviated as VChK (Russian: ВЧК, IPA: [vɛ tɕe ˈka]), and commonly known as the Cheka (Russian: Чека, IPA: [tɕɪˈka]), was the first Soviet secret police organization. Established on 20 December [O.S. 7 December] 1917 by the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian SFSR,^[1] it was led by Felix Dzerzhinsky.^[2]^[3] By the end of the Russian Civil War in 1921, the Cheka had more 200,000 personnel.

Ostensibly created to protect the October Revolution from "class enemies" such as the bourgeoisie and members of the clergy, the Cheka soon became a tool of repression wielded against all political opponents of the Bolshevik regime. The organization had responsibility for counterintelligence, oversight of the loyalty of the Red Army, and protection of the country's borders, as well as the collection of human and technical intelligence. At the direction of Vladimir Lenin, the Cheka performed mass arrests, imprisonments, torture, and executions without trial in what came to be known as the "Red Terror". It policed the Gulag system of labor camps, conducted requisitions of food, and put down rebellions by workers and peasants. The Cheka was responsible for executing at least 50,000 to as many as 200,000 people, though estimates vary widely.

The Cheka, the first in a long succession of Soviet secret police agencies, established the security service as a major player in Soviet politics. It was dissolved in February 1922, and succeeded by the State Political Directorate (GPU). Throughout the Soviet era, members of the secret police were referred to as "Chekists".

^ Steinberg, Mark D. (2001). Voices of Revolution, 1917. London and New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 265–266. ISBN 978-0-300-09016-1.
^ The Impact of Stalin's Leadership in the USSR, 1924–1941. Nelson Thornes. 2008. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-7487-8267-3.
^ Moorehead, Alan (1958). The Russian Revolution. New York: Harper & Brothers. pp. 260. ISBN 978-0881843316.

[1] Steinberg, Mark D. (2001). Voices of Revolution, 1917. London and New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 265–266. ISBN 978-0-300-09016-1.

[Stalinsleadership-2] The Impact of Stalin's Leadership in the USSR, 1924–1941. Nelson Thornes. 2008. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-7487-8267-3.

[3] Moorehead, Alan (1958). The Russian Revolution. New York: Harper & Brothers. pp. 260. ISBN 978-0881843316.

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