Chief White Eagle

White Eagle
White Eagle
Qithaska
	Chief White Eagle in 1877
Hereditary chief sovereign of the Ponca
	In office; 1870–1904
Preceded by	Iron Whip (1846-1870)
Succeeded by	Horse Chief Eagle (1904-1940)
Personal details
Born	1825; Niobrara River valley, Northern Great Plains
Died	February 4, 1914; (aged 88–89); White Eagle, Oklahoma
Resting place	Monument Hill Marland, Oklahoma; 36°34′10″N 97°08′41″W / 36.56944°N 97.14472°W
Citizenship	Ponca
Nationality	Ponca
Relations	Spouses (5):; Unknown; Unknown; Mary Eagle; Julia Eagle; Victoria DeLodge Eagle; Siblings (11):; Buffalo Bull II or Two Bulls; Waqpéca; Heqágajinga;
Children	Sons (3):; Horse Chief Eagle; Frank Eagle; George Eagle; Daughters (8):; Gladahme; Neahgewatha; Mary Eagle; Carrie Eagle; Ethel Eagle; Elaine Eagle; Ramona Eagle; Emily Eagle; Grandchildren:; David Horsechief Eagle; McKinley Horse Chief Eagle;
Parents	Father:; Iron Whip; Mother:; Wagahsapphe; Paternal grandfather:; Little Bear or Buffalo Bull I;

Chief White Eagle (c. 1825 - February 3, 1914) was a Native American politician and American civil rights leader who served as the hereditary chief of the Ponca from 1870 until 1904. His 34-year tenure as the Ponca head of state spanned the most consequential period of cultural and political change in their history, beginning with the unlawful Ponca Trail of Tears in 1877 and continuing through his successful effort to obtain justice for his people by utilizing the American media to wage a public relations campaign against the United States and President Rutherford B. Hayes. His advocacy against America's Indian removal policy following the Ponca Trail of Tears marked a shift in public opinion against the federal government's Indian policy^[2] that ended the policy of removal,^[3] placing him at the forefront of the nascent Native American civil rights movement in the second half of the 19th century.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Zimmerman, Charles Leroy (1941). White Eagle, Chief of the Poncas. Harrisburg, PA: Telegraph Press. p. 77.
^ Coward, John M. (August 10, 1989). "Indians and Public Opinion in the Age of Reform: The Case of the Poncas" (PDF). ERIC. p. 2.
^ Cite error: The named reference :3 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Zimmerman-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Zimmerman, Charles Leroy (1941). White Eagle, Chief of the Poncas. Harrisburg, PA: Telegraph Press. p. 77.

[2] Coward, John M. (August 10, 1989). "Indians and Public Opinion in the Age of Reform: The Case of the Poncas" (PDF). ERIC. p. 2.

[:3-3] Cite error: The named reference :3 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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