Vitamin D3, a chemical compound
CholecalciferolINN : Colecalciferol Pronunciation Other names vitamin D3 AHFS /Drugs.com Professional Drug Facts License data
Routes of administration By mouth , intramuscular ATC code Legal status
(3S ,5Z ,7E )-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-trien-3-ol
CAS Number PubChem CID DrugBank ChemSpider UNII KEGG ChEBI ChEMBL CompTox Dashboard (EPA ) ECHA InfoCard 100.000.612 Formula C 27 H 44 O Molar mass 384.648 g·mol−1 3D model (JSmol ) Melting point 83 to 86 °C (181 to 187 °F) Boiling point 496.4 °C (925.5 °F) Solubility in water Practically insoluble in water, freely soluble in ethanol, methanol and some other organic solvents. Slightly soluble in vegetable oils.
O[C@@H]1CC(\C(=C)CC1)=C\C=C2/CCC[C@]3([C@H]2CC[C@@H]3[C@H](C)CCCC(C)C)C
InChI=1S/C27H44O/c1-19(2)8-6-9-21(4)25-15-16-26-22(10-7-17-27(25,26)5)12-13-23-18-24(28)14-11-20(23)3/h12-13,19,21,24-26,28H,3,6-11,14-18H2,1-2,4-5H3/b22-12+,23-13-/t21-,24+,25-,26+,27-/m1/s1
N Key:QYSXJUFSXHHAJI-YRZJJWOYSA-N
Cholecalciferol , also known as vitamin D3 or colecalciferol , is a type of vitamin D that is produced by the skin when exposed to UVB light ; it is found in certain foods and can be taken as a dietary supplement .[ 3]
Cholecalciferol is synthesised in the skin following sunlight exposure.[ 4] It is then converted in the liver to calcifediol (25-hydroxycholecalciferol D), which is further converted in the kidney to calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol D).[ 4] One of calcitriol’s most important functions is to promote calcium uptake by the intestines.[ 5] Cholecalciferol is present in food such as fatty fish, beef liver, eggs, and cheese.[ 6] [ 7] In some countries, cholecalciferol is also added to products like plants, cow milk, fruit juice, yogurt, and margarine.[ 6] [ 7]
Cholecalciferol can be taken orally as a dietary supplement to prevent vitamin D deficiency or as a medication to treat associated diseases, including rickets .[ 8] [ 9] It is also used in the management of familial hypophosphatemia , hypoparathyroidism that is causing low blood calcium , and Fanconi syndrome .[ 9] [ 10] Vitamin-D supplements may not be effective in people with severe kidney disease .[ 11] [ 10] Excessive doses in humans can result in vomiting, constipation, muscle weakness, and confusion.[ 5] Other risks include kidney stones .[ 11] Doses greater than 40000 IU ( 1000 μg ) per day are generally required before high blood calcium occurs.[ 12] Normal doses, 800–2000 IU per day, are safe in pregnancy .[ 5]
Cholecalciferol was first described in 1936.[ 13] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines .[ 14] In 2021, it was the 65th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 10 million prescriptions.[ 15] [ 16] Cholecalciferol is available as a generic medication and is over the counter in some countries, while in others, it is available only by prescription .[ 10] [ 17] [ 18]
^ "Health product highlights 2021: Annexes of products approved in 2021" . Health Canada . 3 August 2022. Retrieved 25 March 2024 .
^ "Regulatory Decision Summary for Vitamin D3 Oral Solution" . Health Canada . 5 February 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2024 .
^ Coulston AM, Boushey C, Ferruzzi M (2013). Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Disease . Academic Press. p. 818. ISBN 9780123918840 . Archived from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2016 .
^ a b Norman AW (August 2008). "From vitamin D to hormone D: fundamentals of the vitamin D endocrine system essential for good health" . The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition . 88 (2): 491S–499S. doi :10.1093/ajcn/88.2.491S . PMID 18689389 .
^ a b c "Cholecalciferol (Professional Patient Advice) - Drugs.com" . www.drugs.com . Archived from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2016 .
^ a b "Office of Dietary Supplements - Vitamin D" . ods.od.nih.gov . 11 February 2016. Archived from the original on 31 December 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016 .
^ a b Ross AC, Taylor CL, Yaktine AL, Del Valle HB, et al. (Institute of Medicine (US); Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D and Calcium) (2011). Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D (PDF) . National Academies Press. doi :10.17226/13050 . ISBN 978-0-309-16394-1 . PMID 21796828 . S2CID 58721779 .
^ British national formulary : BNF 69 (69 ed.). British Medical Association. 2015. pp. 703–704. ISBN 9780857111562 .
^ a b World Health Organization (2009). Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR (eds.). WHO Model Formulary 2008 . World Health Organization. hdl :10665/44053 . ISBN 9789241547659 .
^ a b c Hamilton R (2015). Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition . Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 231. ISBN 9781284057560 .
^ a b "Aviticol 1 000 IU Capsules - Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC) - (eMC)" . www.medicines.org.uk . Archived from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2016 .
^ Vieth R (May 1999). "Vitamin D supplementation, 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and safety" (PDF) . The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition . 69 (5): 842–56. doi :10.1093/ajcn/69.5.842 . PMID 10232622 .
^ Fischer J, Ganellin CR (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery . John Wiley & Sons. p. 451. ISBN 978-3-527-60749-5 . Archived from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2016 .
^ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019 . Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl :10665/325771 . WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
^ "The Top 300 of 2021" . ClinCalc . Retrieved 14 January 2024 .
^ "Cholecalciferol - Drug Usage Statistics" . ClinCalc . Retrieved 14 January 2024 .
^ Cite error: The named reference merckvet2014
was invoked but never defined (see the help page ).
^ Rizor SE, Arjo WM, Bulkin S, Nolte DL. Efficacy of Cholecalciferol Baits for Pocket Gopher Control and Possible Effects on Non-Target Rodents in Pacific Northwest Forests . Vertebrate Pest Conference (2006). USDA. Archived from the original on 14 September 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2019 . 0.15% cholecalciferol bait appears to have application for pocket gopher control.' Cholecalciferol can be a single high-dose toxicant or a cumulative multiple low-dose toxicant.