Cisuralian

Cisuralian
Cisuralian
	The world at the start of the Cisuralian
Chronology
←	Permian-Triassic mass extinction event
←	end-Capitanian extinction event
←	Olson's Extinction
	Subdivision of the Permian according to the ICS, as of 2022.; Vertical axis scale: millions of years ago.;
Etymology
Name formality	Formal
Synonym(s)	Early/Lower Permian;
Usage information
Celestial body	Earth
Regional usage	Global (ICS)
Time scale(s) used	ICS Time Scale
Definition
Chronological unit	Epoch
Stratigraphic unit	Series
Time span formality	Formal
Lower boundary definition	FAD of the conodont Streptognathodus isolatus within the morphotype Streptognathodus wabaunsensis chronocline
Lower boundary GSSP	Aidaralash, Ural Mountains, Kazakhstan; 50°14′45″N 57°53′29″E / 50.2458°N 57.8914°E
Lower GSSP ratified	1996
Upper boundary definition	FAD of the Conodont Jinogondolella nanginkensis
Upper boundary GSSP	Stratotype Canyon, Guadalupe Mountains, Texas, United States; 31°52′36″N 104°52′36″W / 31.8767°N 104.8768°W
Upper GSSP ratified	2001

The Cisuralian is the first series/epoch of the Permian. The Cisuralian was preceded by the Pennsylvanian and followed by the Guadalupian. The Cisuralian Epoch is named after the western slopes of the Ural Mountains in Russia and Kazakhstan and dates between 298.9 ± 0.15 – 272.3 ± 0.5 Ma.^[4]

In the regional stratigraphy of southwestern North America, the Cisuralian encompasses two series: the Wolfcampian (Asselian to mid-Artinskian) and Leonardian (mid-Artinskian to Kungurian).^[5]^[6]^[7]

The series saw the appearance of beetles and flies and was a relatively stable warming period of about 21 million years.

^ "Chart/Time Scale". www.stratigraphy.org. International Commission on Stratigraphy.
^ Davydov, Vladimir; Glenister, Brian; Spinosa, Claude; Ritter, Scott; Chernykh, V.; Wardlaw, B.; Snyder, W. (March 1998). "Proposal of Aidaralash as Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for base of the Permian System" (PDF). Episodes. 21: 11–18. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1998/v21i1/003. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
^ "GSSP for Roadian Stage". International Commission on Stratigraphy. Retrieved 13 December 2020.
^ Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G.; Smith, Alan G. (2004). A Geologic Time Scale 2004. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521786737.
^ Ross, C. A.; Ross, June R. P. (1995). "Permian Sequence Stratigraphy". The Permian of Northern Pangea. pp. 98–123. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-78593-1_7. ISBN 978-3-642-78595-5.
^ "Permian: Stratigraphy". UC Museum of Paleontology. University of California Berkeley. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
^ Henderson, C.M.; Shen, S.Z.; Gradstein, F.M.; Agterberg, F.P. (2020), "The Permian Period", Geologic Time Scale 2020, Elsevier, pp. 875–902, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-824360-2.00024-3, ISBN 978-0-12-824360-2, retrieved 2023-09-12

[icstimescale-1] "Chart/Time Scale". www.stratigraphy.org. International Commission on Stratigraphy.

[2] Davydov, Vladimir; Glenister, Brian; Spinosa, Claude; Ritter, Scott; Chernykh, V.; Wardlaw, B.; Snyder, W. (March 1998). "Proposal of Aidaralash as Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for base of the Permian System" (PDF). Episodes. 21: 11–18. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1998/v21i1/003. Retrieved 7 December 2020.

[3] "GSSP for Roadian Stage". International Commission on Stratigraphy. Retrieved 13 December 2020.

[a2004-4] Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G.; Smith, Alan G. (2004). A Geologic Time Scale 2004. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521786737.

[5] Ross, C. A.; Ross, June R. P. (1995). "Permian Sequence Stratigraphy". The Permian of Northern Pangea. pp. 98–123. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-78593-1_7. ISBN 978-3-642-78595-5.

[6] "Permian: Stratigraphy". UC Museum of Paleontology. University of California Berkeley. Retrieved 17 June 2021.

[7] Henderson, C.M.; Shen, S.Z.; Gradstein, F.M.; Agterberg, F.P. (2020), "The Permian Period", Geologic Time Scale 2020, Elsevier, pp. 875–902, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-824360-2.00024-3, ISBN 978-0-12-824360-2, retrieved 2023-09-12

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