Clemens August Graf von Galen

Blessed Clemens August Graf von Galen
Cardinal, Bishop of Münster
Church	Latin Church
Diocese	Münster
Appointed	5 September 1933
Term ended	22 March 1946
Predecessor	Johannes Poggenburg
Successor	Michael Keller
Orders
Ordination	28 May 1904 by Hermann Dingelstadt
Consecration	28 October 1933 by Karl Joseph Schulte
Created cardinal	21 February 1946 by Pope Pius XII
Rank	Cardinal-Priest
Personal details
Born	Clemens August Graf von Galen (1878-03-16)16 March 1878 Dinklage Castle, Dinklage, Oldenburg, Germany
Died	22 March 1946(1946-03-22) (aged 68) Münster, Westphalia, Germany
Buried	Münster Cathedral
Nationality	German
Motto	Nec laudibus nec timore (neither by flattery nor by fear)[1]
Coat of arms
Sainthood
Feast day	22 March
Venerated in	Roman Catholic Church
Beatified	9 October 2005 Saint Peter's Basilica, Vatican City by Pope Benedict XVI

Clemens Augustinus Emmanuel Joseph Pius Anthonius Hubertus Marie Graf^[2] von Galen (16 March 1878 – 22 March 1946), better known as Clemens August Graf von Galen, was a German count, Bishop of Münster, and cardinal of the Catholic Church. During World War II, Galen led Catholic protests against Nazi euthanasia and denounced Gestapo lawlessness and the persecution of the Church in Nazi Germany. He was appointed a cardinal by Pope Pius XII in 1946, shortly before his death, and was beatified by Pope Benedict XVI in 2005.

Born into the German aristocracy, Galen received part of his education in Austria-Hungary from the Jesuits at Stella Matutina in the town of Feldkirch. After his ordination he worked in Berlin at St. Matthias. He intensely disliked the secular liberal values of the Weimar Republic and opposed individualism, modernism, secular humanism, atheism, anarchism, communism, socialism, liberalism and democracy. A staunch German monarchist, conservative, nationalist, medievalist, traditionalist and patriot, he considered the Treaty of Versailles unjust and viewed Bolshevism as a threat to Germany and the Church. He espoused the stab-in-the-back theory: that the German military was defeated in 1918 only because it had been undermined by defeatist elements on the home front. He expressed his opposition to secularism in his book Die Pest des Laizismus und ihre Erscheinungsformen (The Plague of Laicism and its Forms of Expression) (1932).^[3] After serving in Berlin parishes from 1906 to 1929, he became the pastor of Münster's St. Lamberti Church, where he was noted for his political conservatism before being appointed Bishop of Münster in 1933.

Galen began to criticize Hitler's movement in 1934. He condemned the Nazi "worship of race" in a pastoral letter on 29 January 1934, and assumed responsibility for the publication of a collection of essays which fiercely criticized Nazi ideologist Alfred Rosenberg and defended the teachings of the Catholic Church. He was an outspoken critic of certain Nazi policies and helped draft Pope Pius XI's 1937 anti-Nazi encyclical Mit brennender Sorge. In 1941, von Galen delivered three sermons in which he denounced the arrest of Jesuits, the confiscation of church property, Nazi attacks on the Church, and in the third, fiercely condemned the state-approved mass killing in the involuntary euthanasia programme of persons with mental or physical defects (Aktion T4).^[4][5] The sermons were illegally circulated in print, inspiring some German Resistance groups, including the White Rose.^[6]

Following this, in September 1943, another condemnation was read at the order of von Galen and other bishops from all Catholic pulpits in the diocese of Münster and across Nazi Germany, denouncing the killing of "the innocent and defenceless mentally handicapped and mentally ill, the incurably infirm and fatally wounded, innocent hostages and disarmed prisoners of war and criminal offenders, people of a foreign race or descent".^[7]