Back Kokaïen Afrikaans كوكايين Arabic كوكايين ARZ কোকেইন Assamese Cocaína AST Kokain Azerbaijani Cocaine BCL Какаін Byelorussian Какаін BE-X-OLD Кокаин Bulgarian

Cocaine

This article is about the purified salt form of cocaine. For the vaporized freebase, see Crack cocaine. For the crude coca leaf extract, see Cocaine paste. For the disguised smuggled form, see Black cocaine.
Not to be confused with "Pink cocaine", which typically does not contain cocaine; see Tusi (drug).
For other uses, see Cocaine (disambiguation).

Cocaine
Clinical data
Pronunciationkə(ʊ)ˈkeɪn
Trade namesNeurocaine,[1] Goprelto,[2] Numbrino,[3] others
Other namesBenzoylmethylecogine
AHFS/Drugs.comMicromedex Detailed Consumer Information
License data
Dependence
liability		Physical: Low Psychological: High[4]
Addiction
liability		High[5]
Routes of
administration		Topical, by mouth, insufflation, intravenous, inhalation
Drug class
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability
MetabolismLiver, CYP3A4
MetabolitesNorcocaine, benzoylecgonine, cocaethylene (when consumed with alcohol)
Onset of actionSeconds to minutes[13]
Duration of action20 to 90 minutes[13]
ExcretionKidney
Identifiers
  • Methyl (1R,2R,3S,5S)-3-(benzoyloxy)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
PDB ligand
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.000.030 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC17H21NO4
Molar mass303.358 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
Melting point98 °C (208 °F)
Boiling point187 °C (369 °F)
Solubility in water1.8g/L (22 °C)
  • CN1[C@H]2CC[C@@H]1[C@@H](C(OC)=O)[C@@H](OC(C3=CC=CC=C3)=O)C2
  • InChI=1S/C17H21NO4/c1-18-12-8-9-13(18)15(17(20)21-2)14(10-12)22-16(19)11-6-4-3-5-7-11/h3-7,12-15H,8-10H2,1-2H3/t12-,13+,14-,15+/m0/s1 checkY
  • Key:ZPUCINDJVBIVPJ-LJISPDSOSA-N checkY
Data page
Cocaine (data page)
 ☒NcheckY (what is this?)  (verify)

Cocaine is a tropane alkaloid and central nervous system stimulant derived primarily from the leaves of two coca species native to South America: Erythroxylum coca and E. novogranatense.[14][15][16][17][18] Indigenous South Americans have used coca leaves for over a thousand years. Today, cocaine is rarely used medically, primarily as a topical medication, due to its high abuse potential, adverse effects, and high cost.[19][20] Recreational use is widespread, and cocaine is one of the most consumed stimulants worldwide.[21][22][23]

Street cocaine is typically snorted, injected, or smoked as crack cocaine, with effects beginning within seconds to minutes and lasting up to 90 minutes depending on the route.[13][24] Pharmacologically, it is a serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (SNDRI) that activates the mesolimbic pathway.[6][7][25][17] Reinforcing effects include euphoria, improved alertness and concentration, increased libido, a general sense of well-being, and reduced fatigue and appetite.[21]

Cocaine has numerous adverse effects. Short-term risks include vasoconstriction, tachycardia, hypertension, hyperthermia, anxiety, irritability, psychosis, and seizures.[13] Overdose may result in stroke, heart attack, or sudden cardiac death.[17][26] Use during pregnancy can lead to prenatal cocaine exposure, affecting fetal development.[27][28][29][30] Chronic use may cause cocaine dependence, withdrawal symptoms, and nasal damage, including cocaine-induced midline destructive lesions when insufflated.[31][32][33][34][35]

Large-scale biosynthesis of cocaine is unexplored;[36] As a result, the coca leaves are processed into cocaine paste and subsequently into powdered cocaine hydrochloride salt. According to a 2006 report by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), 99% of all global illicit cocaine is sourced from coca plantations in the Andes of South America—primarily in Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia.[18] While most coca cultivation remains concentrated in South America, recent years have seen rapid expansion into northern Central America, specifically in Honduras, Guatemala, and Belize.[37][38][39][40] Both South America and Central America are subregions of Latin America, which, together with the Caribbean, face increased violence and inequality due to drug war policies. This has prompted calls for rights-based reforms.[41]

Cocaine is prohibited globally except for restricted medical and scientific uses under treaties like the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. Nevertheless, legal penalties vary by country. Some jurisdictions decriminalize possession of small amounts, leading to inconsistency in the legal status of cocaine worldwide.[42][43][44][45]

  1. ^ Nordegren T (2002). The A-Z Encyclopedia of Alcohol and Drug Abuse. Universal-Publishers. p. 461. ISBN 978-1-58112-404-0. Archived from the original on 8 July 2024. Retrieved 3 September 2020.
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference Goprelto FDA label was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference Numbrino FDA label was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Ghodse H (2010). Ghodse's Drugs and Addictive Behaviour: A Guide to Treatment (4 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-139-48567-8. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017.
  5. ^ Introduction to Pharmacology (3 ed.). Abingdon: CRC Press. 2007. pp. 222–223. ISBN 978-1-4200-4742-4. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017.
  6. ^ a b Sora I, Hall FS, Andrews AM, Itokawa M, Li XF, Wei HB, et al. (April 2001). "Molecular mechanisms of cocaine reward: combined dopamine and serotonin transporter knockouts eliminate cocaine place preference". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (9): 5300–5305. Bibcode:2001PNAS...98.5300S. doi:10.1073/pnas.091039298. PMC 33204. PMID 11320258.
  7. ^ a b Azizi SA (April 2022). "Monoamines: Dopamine, Norepinephrine, and Serotonin, Beyond Modulation, "Switches" That Alter the State of Target Networks". The Neuroscientist. 28 (2): 121–143. doi:10.1177/1073858420974336. PMID 33292070. S2CID 228080727.
  8. ^ "DEA / Drug Scheduling". www.dea.gov. Archived from the original on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 7 August 2017.
  9. ^ a b Fattinger K, Benowitz NL, Jones RT, Verotta D (July 2000). "Nasal mucosal versus gastrointestinal absorption of nasally administered cocaine". European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 56 (4): 305–10. doi:10.1007/s002280000147. PMID 10954344. S2CID 20708443.
  10. ^ Barnett G, Hawks R, Resnick R (1981). "Cocaine pharmacokinetics in humans". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 3 (2–3): 353–66. doi:10.1016/0378-8741(81)90063-5. PMID 7242115.
  11. ^ Jeffcoat AR, Perez-Reyes M, Hill JM, Sadler BM, Cook CE (1989). "Cocaine disposition in humans after intravenous injection, nasal insufflation (snorting), or smoking". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 17 (2): 153–9. doi:10.1016/S0090-9556(25)08737-9. PMID 2565204.
  12. ^ Wilkinson P, Van Dyke C, Jatlow P, Barash P, Byck R (March 1980). "Intranasal and oral cocaine kinetics". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 27 (3): 386–94. doi:10.1038/clpt.1980.52. PMID 7357795. S2CID 29851205.
  13. ^ a b c d Zimmerman JL (October 2012). "Cocaine intoxication". Critical Care Clinics. 28 (4): 517–26. doi:10.1016/j.ccc.2012.07.003. PMID 22998988.
  14. ^ "Cocaine and crack drug profile | www.euda.europa.eu". www.euda.europa.eu.
  15. ^ "Cocaine - Alcohol and Drug Foundation". adf.org.au.
  16. ^ "The identification of coca (Erythroxylum species)". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1982.tb00368.x.
  17. ^ a b c Pomara C, Cassano T, D'Errico S, Bello S, Romano AD, Riezzo I, et al. (2012). "Data available on the extent of cocaine use and dependence: biochemistry, pharmacologic effects and global burden of disease of cocaine abusers". Current Medicinal Chemistry. 19 (33): 5647–57. doi:10.2174/092986712803988811. PMID 22856655.
  18. ^ a b "Coca Cultivation in the Andean Region" (PDF). UNODC. June 2006.
  19. ^ Cite error: The named reference Latorre_1999 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  20. ^ Armbuster YC, Banas BN, Feickert KD, England SE, Moyer EJ, Christie EL, et al. (December 2021). "Decline and Pronounced Regional Disparities in Medical Cocaine Usage in the United States". The Journal of Pharmacy Technology. 37 (6): 278–285. doi:10.1177/87551225211035563. PMC 8592245. PMID 34790964.
  21. ^ a b Roque Bravo R, Faria AC, Brito-da-Costa AM, Carmo H, Mladěnka P, Dias da Silva D, et al. (April 2022). "Cocaine: An Updated Overview on Chemistry, Detection, Biokinetics, and Pharmacotoxicological Aspects including Abuse Pattern". Toxins. 14 (4): 278. doi:10.3390/toxins14040278. PMC 9032145. PMID 35448887.
  22. ^ "Cocaine & Crack". Erowid.
  23. ^ "Cocaine". DEA.
  24. ^ Cortés E, Metaal P. Smokable cocaine markets in Latin America and the Caribbean (PDF).
  25. ^ Cheng MH, Block E, Hu F, Cobanoglu MC, Sorkin A, Bahar I (2015). "Insights into the Modulation of Dopamine Transporter Function by Amphetamine, Orphenadrine, and Cocaine Binding". Frontiers in Neurology. 6: 134. doi:10.3389/fneur.2015.00134. PMC 4460958. PMID 26106364.
  26. ^ Sordo L, Indave BI, Barrio G, Degenhardt L, de la Fuente L, Bravo MJ (September 2014). "Cocaine use and risk of stroke: a systematic review". Drug Alcohol Depend. 142: 1–13. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.06.041. PMID 25066468.
  27. ^ Cite error: The named reference Buckingham-Howes_2013 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  28. ^ Cite error: The named reference Lambert_2012 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  29. ^ Cite error: The named reference McCarthy_2014 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  30. ^ Cite error: The named reference Eiden_2009 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  31. ^ Cite error: The named reference Gawin_1989 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  32. ^ Cite error: The named reference Sofuoglu_2005 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  33. ^ Cite error: The named reference Berberi_2024 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  34. ^ Cite error: The named reference Nitro_2022 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  35. ^ Cite error: The named reference Di_Cosola_2021 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  36. ^ Cite error: The named reference Kohnen-Johannsen_2019 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  37. ^ Murillo-Sandoval PJ, Sesnie SE, Ordoñez Armas ME, Magliocca N, Tellman B, Devine JA, et al. (1 October 2024). "Central America's agro-ecological suitability for cultivating coca, Erythroxylum spp". Environmental Research Letters. 19 (10): 104068. Bibcode:2024ERL....19j4068M. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ad7276.
  38. ^ "Plantaciones, laboratorios y narcorutas de coca en Honduras". www.elheraldo.hn (in Spanish).
  39. ^ Papadovassilakis A, Voss G (10 February 2023). "Guatemala registra récord en producción de coca, pero no de cocaína". InSight Crime (in European Spanish).
  40. ^ "Police find half a million coca plants in Southern Belize". Belize News and Opinion on www.breakingbelizenews.com. 31 August 2023.
  41. ^ Cite error: The named reference ow-the-drug-wars-impact-latin-america-and-the-caribbean-development was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  42. ^ Housego K (5 April 2004). "As addiction rises, Colombia weighs rolling back decade-old drug legalization". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Associated Press. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  43. ^ Murphy J (5 April 2004). "Colombia sinks in sea of legal cocaine, heroin". CBS News. Archived from the original on 5 April 2004. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  44. ^ "Heroin and cocaine now legal in Mexico – in small doses | Americas | News | The Independent". The Independent. 23 October 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
  45. ^ Greenwald G, Reuter P, Lynch T (3 April 2009). "Lessons for Creating Fair and Successful Drug Policies" (PDF). Drug Decriminalization in Portugal. Cato Institute.

Rich TVX News Network Site

Rich TVX News Network Info

© MMXXIII Rich X Search. We shall prevail. All rights reserved. Rich X Search