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Congenital heart defect

Congenital heart defect
Other namesCongenital heart anomaly, congenital heart disease
The normal structure of the heart (left) in comparison to two common locations for a ventricular septal defect (right), the most common form of congenital heart defect[1]
SpecialtyCardiology
SymptomsRapid breathing, bluish skin, poor weight gain, feeling tired[2]
ComplicationsHeart failure[2]
TypesCyanotic heart defects, non-cyanotic heart defects[3]
CausesOften unknown[4]
Risk factorsRubella infection during pregnancy, alcohol or tobacco, parents being closely related, poor nutritional status, taking antidepressant during pregnancy or obesity in the mother[3][5]
TreatmentNone, catheter based procedures, heart surgery, heart transplantation[6][3]
PrognosisGenerally good (with treatment)[7]
Frequency48.9 million (2015)[8]
Deaths303,300 (2015)[9]

A congenital heart defect (CHD), also known as a congenital heart anomaly, congenital cardiovascular malformation, and congenital heart disease, is a defect in the structure of the heart or great vessels that is present at birth.[7] A congenital heart defect is classed as a cardiovascular disease.[10] Signs and symptoms depend on the specific type of defect.[3] Symptoms can vary from none to life-threatening.[7] When present, symptoms are variable and may include rapid breathing, bluish skin (cyanosis), poor weight gain, and feeling tired.[2] CHD does not cause chest pain.[2] Most congenital heart defects are not associated with other diseases.[3] A complication of CHD is heart failure.[2]

Congenital heart defects are the most common birth defect.[3][11] In 2015, they were present in 48.9 million people globally.[8] They affect between 4 and 75 per 1,000 live births, depending upon how they are diagnosed.[3][12] In about 6 to 19 per 1,000 they cause a moderate to severe degree of problems.[12] Congenital heart defects are the leading cause of birth defect-related deaths:[3] in 2015, they resulted in 303,300 deaths, down from 366,000 deaths in 1990.[9][13] The cause of a congenital heart defect is often unknown.[4] Risk factors include certain infections during pregnancy such as rubella, use of certain medications or drugs such as alcohol or tobacco, parents being closely related, or poor nutritional status or obesity in the mother.[3][5] Having a parent with a congenital heart defect is also a risk factor.[12] A number of genetic conditions are associated with heart defects, including Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Marfan syndrome.[3] Congenital heart defects are divided into two main groups: cyanotic heart defects and non-cyanotic heart defects, depending on whether the child has the potential to turn bluish in color.[3] The defects may involve the interior walls of the heart, the heart valves, or the large blood vessels that lead to and from the heart.[7]

Congenital heart defects are partly preventable through rubella vaccination, the adding of iodine to salt, and the adding of folic acid to certain food products.[3] Some defects do not need treatment.[7] Others may be effectively treated with catheter based procedures or heart surgery.[6] Occasionally a number of operations may be needed,[6] or a heart transplant may be required.[6] With appropriate treatment, outcomes are generally good, even with complex problems.[7]

  1. ^ Hoffman JI, Kaplan S (June 2002). "The incidence of congenital heart disease". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 39 (12): 1890–900. doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(02)01886-7. PMID 12084585.
  2. ^ a b c d e "What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Congenital Heart Defects?". National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. July 1, 2011. Archived from the original on 27 July 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Mendis S, Puska P, Norrving B, World Health Organization (2011). Global Atlas on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Control (PDF). World Health Organization in collaboration with the World Heart Federation and the World Stroke Organization. pp. 3, 60. ISBN 978-92-4-156437-3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-08-17.
  4. ^ a b "What Causes Congenital Heart Defects?". National, Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. July 1, 2011. Archived from the original on 8 July 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
  5. ^ a b Dean SV, Lassi ZS, Imam AM, Bhutta ZA (September 2014). "Preconception care: nutritional risks and interventions". Reproductive Health. 11 (Suppl 3): S3. doi:10.1186/1742-4755-11-s3-s3. PMC 4196560. PMID 25415364.
  6. ^ a b c d "How Are Congenital Heart Defects Treated?". National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. July 1, 2011. Archived from the original on 27 July 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
  7. ^ a b c d e f "What Are Congenital Heart Defects?". National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. July 1, 2011. Archived from the original on 13 August 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
  8. ^ a b Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
  9. ^ a b Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, et al. (GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281.
  10. ^ "Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)". www.who.int. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
  11. ^ Vos T, Barber RM, Bell B, Bertozzi-Villa A, Biryukov S, Bolliger I, et al. (Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Collaborators) (August 2015). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. 386 (9995): 743–800. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60692-4. PMC 4561509. PMID 26063472.
  12. ^ a b c Milunsky A (2011). "1". Genetic Disorders and the Fetus: Diagnosis, Prevention and Treatment. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781444358216. Archived from the original on 2017-02-22.
  13. ^ Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, et al. (GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (January 2015). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. 385 (9963): 117–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC 4340604. PMID 25530442.

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