Constantine III of Scotland

Constantine, son of Cuilén (Middle Gaelic: Causantín mac Cuiléin; Modern Gaelic: Còiseam mac Chailein), known in most modern regnal lists as Constantine III^[1] (c. 970–997), was king of Alba (Scotland) from 995 to 997. He was the son of King Cuilén. John of Fordun calls him, in Latin, Constantinus Calvus,^[2] which translates to Constantine the Bald.^[3] Benjamin Hudson notes that insular authors from Ireland and Scotland typically identified rulers by sobriquets, noting for example the similarly named Eugenius Calvus (Owain Foel), an 11th century King of Strathclyde.^[4]

^ Until the Victorian era, Constantine, son of Áed was listed as "Constantine III of Scotland", and this Constantine as "Constantine IV". Since then, revised historical opinion has removed Causantín mac Fergusa, previously titled "Constantine I of Scotland", from the traditional list of Scottish monarchs, leading to this Constantine being retitled as "Constantine III".
^ Skene, Coronation Stone, p. 93
^ Williams, Smyth, and Kirby, A Biographical Dictionary of Dark Age Britain: England, Scotland, and Wales, c. 500–1050, p. 89
^ Hudson, A Biographical Dictionary of Scottish Gaze, p. 50