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Crimean Tatars

Not to be confused with Volga Tatars.

Crimean Tatars
qırımtatarlar, qırımlılar
Flag of Crimean Tatars
Crimean Tatars in traditional clothes at the Hıdırlez festival
Regions with significant populations
Ukraine
  • Autonomous Republic of Crimea
  • Kherson Oblast
  • Zaporizhzhia Oblast
  • Lviv Oblast
  • Kyiv
248,193[a][1]
Uzbekistan239,000[2]
Turkey
  • Eskişehir Province
    		• 150,000
    Romania24,137[3]
    Russia
  • Krasnodar Krai
    		• 2,449[a][4]
    Bulgaria1,803[5]
    Kazakhstan1,532[6]
    United States500–1,000[7]
    Languages
    Religion
    Sunni Islam, minority Eastern Orthodox
    Related ethnic groups
    Urums[8] • Crimean Karaites • Lipka Tatars • Krymchaks • Crimean Roma • Dobrujan Tatars • Kumyks • Balkars • Karachays • Turks[9] • Nogais • Volga Tatars
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    Crimean Tatars
    "Tamga" symbol of the Crimean Tatar Gerae family
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    People and groups

    Crimean Tatars (Crimean Tatar: qırımtatarlar, къырымтатарлар), or simply Crimeans (qırımlılar, къырымлылар), are an Eastern European Turkic ethnic group and nation indigenous to Crimea.[10] Their ethnogenesis lasted thousands of years in Crimea and the northern regions along the coast of the Black Sea, uniting Mediterranean populations with those of the Eurasian Steppe.[11][12][10][13] Genome-wide study of the Crimean Tatars unveiled connections between them and the genomes of individuals from the Steppe during the Bronze Age, specifically those associated with the Yamnaya archaeological culture.[14][15]

    Until the 20th century, Crimean Tatars were the most populous demographic cohort in Crimea, constituting the majority of the peninsula's population as a whole.[16][17] Following the Russian Empire's annexation of the Crimean Khanate in 1783, they were subjected to attempts at driving them from the region through a combination of physical violence and harassment, forced resettlement, and legalized forms of discrimination. By 1800, between 100,000 and 300,000 Crimean Tatars had left Crimea.

    While Crimean Tatar cultural elements were not completely eradicated under the Romanov dynasty, the populace was almost completely eradicated from the peninsula under the Soviet Union, especially during the Stalinist era.[18] In May 1944, almost immediately after the Soviets retook German-occupied Crimea during World War II, the country's State Defense Committee ordered the deportation of all Crimean Tatars, including the families of Crimean Tatar soldiers in the Red Army. The deportees were transported in trains and boxcars to Central Asia, where they were primarily resettled in Uzbekistan. Anywhere from 18% to 46% of the Crimean Tatar population was lost due to the Soviet deportation campaigns.[19] From 1967 onwards, only a few of the displaced Crimean Tatars were allowed to return, although de-Stalinization had led to the Soviet government's recognition of the deportations as ethnic cleansing and cultural genocide. Later, in 1989, the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union adopted new policies for the full right of return of the Crimean Tatars, sparking a steady increase in the population.

    Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Crimean Tatars have been members of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization.[20] The European Union and international indigenous groups do not dispute their status as an indigenous people and they have been officially recognized as an indigenous people of Ukraine since 2014.[21][22] However, the Russian administration in occupied Crimea considers them a "national minority" instead of an indigenous people,[23][24] and continues to deny that they are the peninsula's titular nation, in spite of the fact that the Soviet administration considered them indigenous before their deportation.[25][26][27][28] Today, Crimean Tatars constitute approximately 15% of the Crimean population.[29] Beyond the peninsula, significant populations of the Crimean Tatar diaspora exist in Turkey, Romania, and Bulgaria, among other countries.


    Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

    1. ^ "The distribution of the population by nationality [ethnicity] and mother tongue". Archived from the original on 20 November 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
    2. ^ "Big Russian Encyclopedia – Crimean Tatars". Archived from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
    3. ^ "Recensamant Romania 2002". Agentia Nationala pentru Intreprinderi Mici si Mijlocii (in Romanian). 2002. Archived from the original on 13 May 2007. Retrieved 5 August 2007.
    4. ^ Russian Census 2010: Population by ethnicity Archived 24 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
    5. ^ "Bulgaria Population census 2001". Archived from the original on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 25 September 2011.
    6. ^ Агентство Республики Казахстан по статистике. Перепись 2009. (in Russian) Archived 1 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine (Национальный состав населения Archived 11 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine.rar)
    7. ^ "The Crimean Tatar National Movement and the American Diaspora". Archived from the original on 24 December 2022. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
    8. ^ Novik, Aleksandr (2011). Культурное наследие народов Европы (in Russian). Наука. ISBN 978-5-02-038267-1.
    9. ^ Williams, Brian (2021). The Crimean Tatars: The Diaspora Experience and the Forging of a Nation. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-49128-1. The Turks and Crimean Tatars are both Turkic peoples and closely related by language, religion, and cultural tradition.
    10. ^ a b Agdzhoyan 2018.
    11. ^ Williams, Brian Glyn (2001). "The Ethnogenesis of the Crimean Tatars. An Historical Reinterpretation". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 11 (3): 329–348. doi:10.1017/S1356186301000311. JSTOR 25188176. S2CID 162929705. Archived from the original on 13 February 2016. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
    12. ^ Агджоян А. Т., Схаляхо Р. А., Утевская О. М., Жабагин М. К., Тагирли Ш. Г., Дамба Л. Д., Атраментова Л. А., Балановский О. П. Генофонд крымских татар в сравнении с тюркоязычными народами Европы Archived 2020-11-25 at the Wayback Machine, 2015
    13. ^ Cite error: The named reference mtDNA was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    14. ^ Cite error: The named reference full-genome was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    15. ^ Balanovsky O., Chukhryaeva M., Zaporozhchenko V., Urasin V., Zhabagin M., Hovhannisyan A., Agdzhoyan A., Dibirova Kh., Kuznetsova M., Koshel S., Pocheshkhova E., Alborova I., Shalyakho R., Utevska O., The Genographic Consortium, Mustafin Kh., Yepiskoposyan L., Tyler-Smith C., Balanovska E. Genetic differentiation between upland and lowland populations shapes the Ychromosomal landscape of West Asia // Hum Genet. 2017 Apr;136(4):437-450. doi: 10.1007/s00439-017-1770-2. Epub 2017 Mar 9. — page 445.
    16. ^ Illarionov, A. (2014). "The ethnic composition of Crimea during three centuries" (in Russian). Moscow, R.F.: Institute of Economical Analysis. Archived from the original on 5 March 2014.
    17. ^ Troynitski, N.A. (1905). "First General Census of Russian Empire's Population, 1897 (Первая Всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г. Под ред. Н.А.Тройницкого. т.II. Общий свод по Империи результатов разработки данных Первой Всеобщей переписи населения, произведенной 28 января 1897 года. С.-Петербург: типография "Общественная польза", 1899–1905, 89 томах (119 книг))" (in Russian). Saint Petersburg. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014.
    18. ^ Dennis, Brad (3 July 2019). "Armenians and the Cleansing of Muslims 1878–1915: Influences from the Balkans". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 39 (3): 411–431. doi:10.1080/13602004.2019.1654186. ISSN 1360-2004. S2CID 202282745. Archived from the original on 27 November 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
    19. ^ Human Rights Watch (1991). "'Punished Peoples' of the Soviet Union: The Continuing Legacy of Stalin's Deportations" (PDF). p. 34. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 April 2019. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
    20. ^ "UNPO: Crimean Tatars". unpo.org. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
    21. ^ Verkhovna Rada recognized Crimean Tatars indigenous people of Ukraine (Рада визнала кримських татар корінним народом у складі України) Archived 28 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Mirror Weekly. 20 March 2014
    22. ^ Dahl, J. (2012). The Indigenous Space and Marginalized Peoples in the United Nations. Springer. pp. 240–241. ISBN 978-1-137-28054-1. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
    23. ^ Vanguri, Star (2016). Rhetorics of Names and Naming. Routledge. pp. 132–133. ISBN 978-1-317-43604-1. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
    24. ^ Uehling, Greta Lynn (2000). Having a Homeland: Recalling the Deportation, Exile, and Repatriation of Crimean Tatars. University of Michigan. pp. 420–424. ISBN 978-0-599-98653-4. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
    25. ^ Yevstigneev, Yuri (2008). Россия: коренные народы и зарубежные диаспоры (краткий этно-исторический справочник) – lit. "Russia: indigenous peoples and foreign diasporas (a brief ethno-historical reference)" (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: Litres. ISBN 9785457236653. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
    26. ^ Cite error: The named reference Vozgrin was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    27. ^ Sasse, Gwendolyn (2007). The Crimea Question: Identity, Transition, and Conflict. Harvard University Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-1-932650-01-3. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
    28. ^ Williams, Brian Glyn (1999). A Homeland Lost: Migration, the Diaspora Experience and the Forging of Crimean Tatar National Identity. University of Wisconsin-Madison. p. 541. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
    29. ^ In the 2014 census, many of those who indicated the nationality "Tatar" in the census were actually Crimean Tatars.

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