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Crimean Tatars

Crimean Tatars
qırımtatarlar, qırımlılar
Flag of Crimean Tatars
Crimean Tatars in traditional clothes at the Hıdırlez festival
Regions with significant populations
Ukraine
  • Autonomous Republic of Crimea
  • Kherson Oblast
  • Zaporizhzhia Oblast
  • Lviv Oblast
  • Kyiv
248,193[a][1]
Uzbekistan239,000[2]
Turkey
  • Eskişehir Province
    		• 150,000
    Romania24,137[3]
    Russia
  • Krasnodar Krai
    		• 2,449[a][4]
    Bulgaria1,803[5]
    Kazakhstan1,532[6]
    United States500–1,000[7]
    Languages
    Religion
    Sunni Islam
    Related ethnic groups
    Urums[8] • Crimean Karaites • Lipka Tatars • Krymchaks • Crimean Roma • Dobrujan Tatars • Kumyks • Balkars • Karachays • Turks[9] • Nogais • Volga Tatars
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    Crimean Tatars
    "Tamga" symbol of the Crimean Tatar Gerae family
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    Crimean Tatars (Crimean Tatar: qırımtatarlar, къырымтатарлар) or Crimeans (Crimean Tatar: qırımlılar, къырымлылар) are an East European Turkic ethnic group and nation indigenous to Crimea.[10] The formation and ethnogenesis of Crimean Tatars lasted thousands of years in Crimea and the Northern Black Sea region, uniting Mediterranean populations with those of the Eurasian Steppe.[11][12][10][13] Genome-wide study of the Crimean Tatars unveiled connections between them and the genomes of individuals from the Bronze Age steppes of Eurasia, specifically those associated with the Yamnaya archaeological culture.[14][15]

    Crimean Tatars constituted the majority of Crimea's population from the time of ethnogenesis until the mid-19th century, and the largest ethnic population until the end of the 19th century.[16][17] Russia attempted to purge Crimean Tatars through a combination of physical violence, intimidation, forced resettlement, and legalized forms of discrimination between 1783 and 1900. From Russia's annexation of Crimea in 1783 to 1800, between 100,000 and 300,000 Crimean Tatars left Crimea.

    While Crimean Tatar cultural elements were not completely eradicated under the Romanov dynasty, the Crimean Tatars were almost completely driven from the Crimean peninsula under the Soviets.[18] Almost immediately after retaking of Crimea from Axis forces, in May 1944, the USSR State Defense Committee ordered the deportation of all of the Crimean Tatars from Crimea, including the families of Crimean Tatars who had served in the Soviet Army. The deportees were transported in trains and boxcars to Central Asia, primarily to Uzbekistan. The Crimean Tatars lost 18–46 percent of their population as a result of the deportations.[19] Starting in 1967, a few were allowed to return and in 1989 the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union condemned the removal of Crimean Tatars from their motherland as inhumane and lawless, but only a tiny percent were able to return before the full right of return became policy in 1989.

    The Crimean Tatars have been members of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) since 1991.[20] The European Union and international indigenous groups do not dispute their status as an indigenous people and they have been officially recognized as an indigenous people of Ukraine as of 2014.[21][22] The current Russian administration considers them a "national minority", but not an indigenous people,[23][24] and continues to deny that they are titular people of Crimea, even though the Soviet Union considered them indigenous before their deportation and the subsequent dissolution of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Crimean ASSR).[25][26][27][28] Today, Crimean Tatars constitute approximately 15% of the population of Crimea.[29] There is a significant Crimean Tatar diaspora in Türkiye, Uzbekistan, Romania, Bulgaria and continental Ukraine.


    Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

    1. ^ "The distribution of the population by nationality [ethnicity] and mother tongue". Archived from the original on 20 November 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
    2. ^ "Big Russian Encyclopedia – Crimean Tatars". Archived from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
    3. ^ "Recensamant Romania 2002". Agentia Nationala pentru Intreprinderi Mici si Mijlocii (in Romanian). 2002. Archived from the original on 13 May 2007. Retrieved 5 August 2007.
    4. ^ Russian Census 2010: Population by ethnicity Archived 24 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
    5. ^ "Bulgaria Population census 2001". Archived from the original on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 25 September 2011.
    6. ^ Агентство Республики Казахстан по статистике. Перепись 2009. (in Russian) Archived 1 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine (Национальный состав населения Archived 11 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine.rar)
    7. ^ "The Crimean Tatar National Movement and the American Diaspora". Archived from the original on 24 December 2022. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
    8. ^ Novik, Aleksandr (2011). Культурное наследие народов Европы (in Russian). Наука. ISBN 978-5-02-038267-1.
    9. ^ Williams, Brian (2021). The Crimean Tatars: The Diaspora Experience and the Forging of a Nation. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-49128-1. The Turks and Crimean Tatars are both Turkic peoples and closely related by language, religion, and cultural tradition.
    10. ^ a b Agdzhoyan 2018.
    11. ^ Williams, Brian Glyn (2001). "The Ethnogenesis of the Crimean Tatars. An Historical Reinterpretation". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 11 (3): 329–348. doi:10.1017/S1356186301000311. JSTOR 25188176. S2CID 162929705. Archived from the original on 13 February 2016. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
    12. ^ Агджоян А. Т., Схаляхо Р. А., Утевская О. М., Жабагин М. К., Тагирли Ш. Г., Дамба Л. Д., Атраментова Л. А., Балановский О. П. Генофонд крымских татар в сравнении с тюркоязычными народами Европы Archived 2020-11-25 at the Wayback Machine, 2015
    13. ^ Cite error: The named reference mtDNA was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    14. ^ Cite error: The named reference full-genome was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    15. ^ Balanovsky O., Chukhryaeva M., Zaporozhchenko V., Urasin V., Zhabagin M., Hovhannisyan A., Agdzhoyan A., Dibirova Kh., Kuznetsova M., Koshel S., Pocheshkhova E., Alborova I., Shalyakho R., Utevska O., The Genographic Consortium, Mustafin Kh., Yepiskoposyan L., Tyler-Smith C., Balanovska E. Genetic differentiation between upland and lowland populations shapes the Ychromosomal landscape of West Asia // Hum Genet. 2017 Apr;136(4):437-450. doi: 10.1007/s00439-017-1770-2. Epub 2017 Mar 9. — page 445.
    16. ^ Illarionov, A. (2014). "The ethnic composition of Crimea during three centuries" (in Russian). Moscow, R.F.: Institute of Economical Analysis. Archived from the original on 5 March 2014.
    17. ^ Troynitski, N.A. (1905). "First General Census of Russian Empire's Population, 1897 (Первая Всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г. Под ред. Н.А.Тройницкого. т.II. Общий свод по Империи результатов разработки данных Первой Всеобщей переписи населения, произведенной 28 января 1897 года. С.-Петербург: типография "Общественная польза", 1899–1905, 89 томах (119 книг))" (in Russian). Saint Petersburg. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014.
    18. ^ Dennis, Brad (3 July 2019). "Armenians and the Cleansing of Muslims 1878–1915: Influences from the Balkans". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 39 (3): 411–431. doi:10.1080/13602004.2019.1654186. ISSN 1360-2004. S2CID 202282745. Archived from the original on 27 November 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
    19. ^ Human Rights Watch (1991). "'Punished Peoples' of the Soviet Union: The Continuing Legacy of Stalin's Deportations" (PDF). p. 34. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 April 2019. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
    20. ^ "UNPO: Crimean Tatars". unpo.org. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
    21. ^ Verkhovna Rada recognized Crimean Tatars indigenous people of Ukraine (Рада визнала кримських татар корінним народом у складі України) Archived 28 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Mirror Weekly. 20 March 2014
    22. ^ Dahl, J. (2012). The Indigenous Space and Marginalized Peoples in the United Nations. Springer. pp. 240–241. ISBN 978-1-137-28054-1. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
    23. ^ Vanguri, Star (2016). Rhetorics of Names and Naming. Routledge. pp. 132–133. ISBN 978-1-317-43604-1. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
    24. ^ Uehling, Greta Lynn (2000). Having a Homeland: Recalling the Deportation, Exile, and Repatriation of Crimean Tatars. University of Michigan. pp. 420–424. ISBN 978-0-599-98653-4. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
    25. ^ Yevstigneev, Yuri (2008). Россия: коренные народы и зарубежные диаспоры (краткий этно-исторический справочник) – lit. "Russia: indigenous peoples and foreign diasporas (a brief ethno-historical reference)" (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: Litres. ISBN 9785457236653. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
    26. ^ Cite error: The named reference Vozgrin was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    27. ^ Sasse, Gwendolyn (2007). The Crimea Question: Identity, Transition, and Conflict. Harvard University Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-1-932650-01-3. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
    28. ^ Williams, Brian Glyn (1999). A Homeland Lost: Migration, the Diaspora Experience and the Forging of Crimean Tatar National Identity. University of Wisconsin-Madison. p. 541. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
    29. ^ In the 2014 census, many of those who indicated the nationality "Tatar" in the census were actually Crimean Tatars.

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