Cromwellian conquest of Ireland

Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
Part of the Irish Confederate Wars and Wars of the Three Kingdoms
Oliver Cromwell
Date 15 August 1649 – 27 September 1653 Location Ireland Result Commonwealth of England victory
Belligerents
Irish Catholic Confederation Royalists	Commonwealth of England
Commanders and leaders
Ormonde Clanricarde Owen Roe O'Neill Heber MacMahon	Oliver Cromwell Michael Jones Henry Ireton Charles Fleetwood Charles Coote
Strength
c. 20,000 to 30,000	~12,000 New Model Army ~10,000 locally raised
Casualties and losses
c. 15,000 to 20,000 dead or wounded	c. 15,000 dead or wounded

The Cromwellian conquest of Ireland (1649–1653) was the re-conquest of Ireland by the Commonwealth of England, led by Oliver Cromwell. It forms part of the 1641 to 1652 Irish Confederate Wars, and wider 1639 to 1653 Wars of the Three Kingdoms. Modern estimates suggest that during this period, Ireland experienced a demographic loss totalling around 15 to 20% of the pre-1641 population, due to fighting, famine and bubonic plague.

The Irish Rebellion of 1641 brought much of Ireland under the control of the Irish Catholic Confederation, who engaged in a multi-sided war with Irish Royalists, Parliamentarians, Scots Covenanters, and Presbyterian militia. Following the Execution of Charles I in January 1649, and establishment of the Commonwealth of England, the Confederates allied with their former Royalist opponents. 12,000 Commonwealth troops under Cromwell landed in Dublin in August 1649, and by the end of 1650 the Confederacy had been defeated, although sporadic guerrilla warfare continued until 1653.

The Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652 barred Catholics from most public offices and confiscated large amounts of their land, which was given to British settlers. These proved a continuing source of grievance, while the conquest itself was brutal, and Cromwell remains a deeply reviled figure in Ireland.^[1] How far he was personally responsible for the atrocities is still debated; some historians suggest his actions were within what were then viewed as accepted rules of war, while others disagree.^[2]