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Crux simplex

In his De Cruce (Antwerp 1594), p. 10 Justus Lipsius explained the two forms of what he called the crux simplex.

The term crux simplex was invented by Justus Lipsius (1547–1606) to indicate a plain transom-less wooden stake used for executing either by affixing the victim to it or by impaling him with it (Simplex [...] voco, cum in uno simplicique ligno fit affixio, aut infixio). He thus distinguished two types of crux simplex: the crux simplex ad affixionem and the crux simplex ad infixionem.[1]

Lipsius contrasted the crux simplex (both variations) with the two-timber structure that he called a crux compacta (Compacta Crux est, quae manu facta, idque e duplici ligno),[2] and that he subdivided into three types: crux decussata (X-shaped), crux commissa (T-shaped) and crux immissa (†-shaped).

All these terms are of Lipsius's own invention and were not in use in ancient Roman times.[3]

  1. ^ Justus Lipsio, De Cruce, liber I, cap. V, p. 8 of the 1594 Antwerp edition
  2. ^ De Cruce, liber I, cap. VII, p. 12 of the 1594 Antwerp edition
  3. ^ Gunnar Samuelsson, Crucifixion in Antiquity (Mohr Siebeck 2013 ISBN 978-31-6152508-7), pp. 3–4 and 295

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