Cylindrical coordinate system

A cylindrical coordinate system is a three-dimensional coordinate system that specifies point positions by the distance from a chosen reference axis (axis L in the image opposite), the direction from the axis relative to a chosen reference direction (axis A), and the distance from a chosen reference plane perpendicular to the axis (plane containing the purple section). The latter distance is given as a positive or negative number depending on which side of the reference plane faces the point.

The origin of the system is the point where all three coordinates can be given as zero. This is the intersection between the reference plane and the axis. The axis is variously called the cylindrical or longitudinal axis, to differentiate it from the polar axis, which is the ray that lies in the reference plane, starting at the origin and pointing in the reference direction. Other directions perpendicular to the longitudinal axis are called radial lines.

The distance from the axis may be called the radial distance or radius, while the angular coordinate is sometimes referred to as the angular position or as the azimuth. The radius and the azimuth are together called the polar coordinates, as they correspond to a two-dimensional polar coordinate system in the plane through the point, parallel to the reference plane. The third coordinate may be called the height or altitude (if the reference plane is considered horizontal), longitudinal position,^[1] or axial position.^[2]

Cylindrical coordinates are useful in connection with objects and phenomena that have some rotational symmetry about the longitudinal axis, such as water flow in a straight pipe with round cross-section, heat distribution in a metal cylinder, electromagnetic fields produced by an electric current in a long, straight wire, accretion disks in astronomy, and so on.

They are sometimes called "cylindrical polar coordinates"^[3] and "polar cylindrical coordinates",^[4] and are sometimes used to specify the position of stars in a galaxy ("galactocentric cylindrical polar coordinates").^[5]

^ Krafft, C.; Volokitin, A. S. (1 January 2002). "Resonant electron beam interaction with several lower hybrid waves". Physics of Plasmas. 9 (6): 2786–2797. Bibcode:2002PhPl....9.2786K. doi:10.1063/1.1465420. ISSN 1089-7674. Archived from the original on 14 April 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2013. ...in cylindrical coordinates $(r, θ, z)$ ... and $Z = v bz t$ is the longitudinal position...
^ Groisman, Alexander; Steinberg, Victor (1997). "Solitary Vortex Pairs in Viscoelastic Couette Flow". Physical Review Letters. 78 (8): 1460–1463. arXiv:patt-sol/9610008. Bibcode:1997PhRvL..78.1460G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.1460. S2CID 54814721. ...where $r$ , $θ$ , and $z$ are cylindrical coordinates ... as a function of axial position...
^ Szymanski, J. E. (1989). Basic Mathematics for Electronic Engineers: models and applications. Tutorial Guides in Electronic Engineering (no. 16). Taylor & Francis. p. 170. ISBN 978-0-278-00068-1.
^ Nunn, Robert H. (1989). Intermediate Fluid Mechanics. Taylor & Francis. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-89116-647-4.
^ Sparke, Linda Siobhan; Gallagher, John Sill (2007). Galaxies in the Universe: An Introduction (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-521-85593-8.

[1] Krafft, C.; Volokitin, A. S. (1 January 2002). "Resonant electron beam interaction with several lower hybrid waves". Physics of Plasmas. 9 (6): 2786–2797. Bibcode:2002PhPl....9.2786K. doi:10.1063/1.1465420. ISSN 1089-7674. Archived from the original on 14 April 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2013. ...in cylindrical coordinates $(r, θ, z)$ ... and $Z = v bz t$ is the longitudinal position...

[2] Groisman, Alexander; Steinberg, Victor (1997). "Solitary Vortex Pairs in Viscoelastic Couette Flow". Physical Review Letters. 78 (8): 1460–1463. arXiv:patt-sol/9610008. Bibcode:1997PhRvL..78.1460G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.1460. S2CID 54814721. ...where $r$ , $θ$ , and $z$ are cylindrical coordinates ... as a function of axial position...

[3] Szymanski, J. E. (1989). Basic Mathematics for Electronic Engineers: models and applications. Tutorial Guides in Electronic Engineering (no. 16). Taylor & Francis. p. 170. ISBN 978-0-278-00068-1.

[4] Nunn, Robert H. (1989). Intermediate Fluid Mechanics. Taylor & Francis. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-89116-647-4.

[5] Sparke, Linda Siobhan; Gallagher, John Sill (2007). Galaxies in the Universe: An Introduction (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-521-85593-8.

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