Back إنهاء الاستعمار Arabic Descolonización AST Dekolonizasiya Azerbaijani Дэкаланізацыя Byelorussian Деколонизация Bulgarian বিউপনিবেশায়ন Bengali/Bangla Descolonització Catalan Dekolonizace Czech Datrefedigaethu Welsh Afkolonisering Danish

Decolonization

This article is about the undoing of colonialism. For medical interventions, see Decolonization (medicine).

Countries by date of independence

Decolonization is the undoing of colonialism, the latter being the process whereby imperial nations establish and dominate foreign territories, often overseas.[1] The meanings and applications of the term are disputed. Some scholars of decolonization focus especially on independence movements in the colonies and the collapse of global colonial empires.[2][3]

As a movement to establish independence for colonized territories from their respective metropoles, decolonization began in 1775 in North America. Major waves of decolonization occurred in the aftermath of the First World War and most prominently after the Second World War, due to the rise of the United States and the Soviet Union. Decolonization would conclude with the collapse of the latter in 1991 as well as the handovers of Hong Kong and Macau in 1997 and 1999 respectively.[4][5][6]

Critical scholars extend the meaning beyond independence or equal rights for colonized peoples to include broader economic, cultural and psychological aspects of the colonial experience.[7][8] Extending the meaning of decolonization beyond political independence has been disputed and received criticism.[9][10][11]

  1. ^ Note however discussion of (for example) the Russian and Nazi empires below.
  2. ^ Hack, Karl (2008). International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Detroit: Macmillan Reference. pp. 255–257. ISBN 978-0028659657.
  3. ^ John Lynch, ed. Latin American Revolutions, 1808–1826: Old and New World Origins (1995).
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference strayer was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Brendon 2007, p. 660; Brown 1998, p. 594.
  6. ^ Macau and the end of empire Archived 2015-10-16 at the Wayback Machine, 18 December 1999. BBC News
  7. ^ Betts, Raymond F. (2012). "Decolonization a brief history of the word". Beyond Empire and Nation. Brill. pp. 23–37. doi:10.1163/9789004260443_004. ISBN 978-90-04-26044-3. JSTOR 10.1163/j.ctt1w8h2zm.5.
  8. ^ Corntassel, Jeff (8 September 2012). "Re-envisioning resurgence: Indigenous pathways to decolonization and sustainable self-determination". Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society. 1 (1). ISSN 1929-8692.
  9. ^ Táíwò, Olúfẹ́mi (2022). Against decolonisation: taking African agency seriously. African arguments. London: Hurst & Company. ISBN 978-1-78738-692-1.[page needed]
  10. ^ Kurzwelly, Jonatan; Wilckens, Malin S (2023). "Calcified identities: Persisting essentialism in academic collections of human remains". Anthropological Theory. 23 (1): 100–122. doi:10.1177/14634996221133872. S2CID 254352277.
  11. ^ Naicker, Veeran (2023). "The problem of epistemological critique in contemporary Decolonial theory". Social Dynamics. 49 (2): 220–241. doi:10.1080/02533952.2023.2226497. S2CID 259828705.

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