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Demographics of Russia

Demographics of Russia
Population pyramid of Russia as of 1 January 2024
PopulationDecrease 146,028,325 (January 2025)[1]
Growth rateDecrease -0.38% (2022)[2]
Birth rateDecrease 8.4 births/1,000 population (2024)[3]
Death rateNeutral decrease 12.5 deaths/1,000 population (2024)
Life expectancyNeutral increase 73 years (2023)[4]
 • maleNeutral increase 68 years (2023)[5]
 • femaleIncrease 79 years (2023)[6]
Fertility rateDecrease 1.4 (2024)[7]
Infant mortality rateNeutral decrease 4.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2020)[8]
Net migration rateDecrease 0.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2020)[8]
Age structure
Under 18 years~23.21%[9]
18–44 years~34.73%[9]
45–64 years26.55%[9]
65 and over15.6%[9]
Sex ratio
Total0.86 male(s)/female (2009)
At birth1.06 male(s)/female
Under 151.06 male(s)/female (male 11,980,138/female 11,344,818)
15–64 years0.925 male(s)/female (male 48,166,470/female 52,088,967)
65 and over0.44 male(s)/female (male 5,783,983/female 13,105,896)
Nationality
Nationalitynoun: Russian(s) adjective: Russian
Major ethnicRussians (71.73%)[10][11]
Minor ethnic
Language
OfficialRussian
SpokenLanguages of Russia
Map of Russia's population density at municipality level, based on the results of the 2021 census.

Russia has an estimated population of 146.0 million as of 1 January 2025,[1] down from 147.2 million recorded in the 2021 census.[12] It is the most populous country in Europe, and the ninth-most populous country in the world. Russia has a population density of 8.5 inhabitants per square kilometre (22 inhabitants/sq mi),[13] with its overall life expectancy being 73 years (68 years for males and 79 years for females) as of 2023.[4][5][6] The total fertility rate across Russia was estimated to be 1.41 children born per woman as of 2024,[14] which is below the replacement rate of 2.1 and in line with the European average.[15] It has one of the oldest populations in the world, with a median age of 41.9 years.[16]

By the end of 2024, the natural decline of the Russian population amounted to 596.2 thousand people, according to published data from Rosstat. Compared to the end of 2023, the indicator increased by 20.4% (from 495.3 thousand).[17]

From 1992 to 2012, and again since 2016, Russia's death rate has exceeded its birth rate, which has been called a demographic crisis by analysts.[18] In 2009, Russia recorded annual population growth for the first time in fifteen years; during the mid-2010s, Russia had seen increased population growth due to declining death rates, increased birth rates and increased immigration.[19] Between 2020 and 2021, prior to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russia's population had undergone its largest peacetime decline in recorded history, due to excess deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic.[20]

Russia is a multinational state,[21] home to over 193 ethnic groups nationwide. In the 2021 Census, nearly 72% of the population were ethnic Russians and approximately 19% of the population were ethnic minorities.[fn 1][22] According to the United Nations, Russia's immigrant population is the world's third largest, numbering over 11.6 million; most of whom are from other post-Soviet states.[23]

  1. ^ a b Предварительная оценка численности постоянного населения на 1 января 2025 года [Preliminary estimate of the permanent population as of January 1, 2025] (XLSX). Russian Federal State Statistics Service (in Russian). Archived from the original on 4 February 2025. Retrieved 10 March 2025.
  2. ^ "Население России за год сократилось на 555 тыс. человек". РБК (in Russian). 1 February 2023. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
  3. ^ "Естественное движение населения в разрезе субъектов российской федерации за декабрь 2024 года". Rosstat. 21 February 2025. Archived from the original on 26 February 2025. Retrieved 25 February 2025.
  4. ^ a b "Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Russian Federation". World Bank. Archived from the original on 6 June 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2025.
  5. ^ a b "Life expectancy at birth, male (years) - Russian Federation". World Bank. Archived from the original on 16 March 2025. Retrieved 6 March 2025.
  6. ^ a b "Life expectancy at birth, female (years) - Russian Federation". World Bank. Archived from the original on 5 January 2024. Retrieved 6 March 2025.
  7. ^ https://www.vshouz.ru/news/analitika/wcs-19351/
  8. ^ a b "Демографический ежегодник России" [The Demographic Yearbook of Russia] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service of Russia (Rosstat). Archived from the original on 21 August 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
  9. ^ a b c d "Russia Demographics 2020 (Population, Age, Sex, Trends) – Worldometer". www.worldometers.info. Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
  10. ^ "Национальный состав населения". Federal State Statistics Service. Archived from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  11. ^ "5 Million Fewer Than in 2010, Ethnic Russians Make Up Only 72 Percent of Russia's Population". Eurasia Daily Monitor. Vol. 20, no. 6. The Jamestown Foundation. 10 January 2023. Archived from the original on 25 February 2023. And, in turn, this decline means that the share of that country's population identifying as ethnic Russian fell from 77.71 percent in the 2010 census to 71.73 percent in the current one..
  12. ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1 [2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1] (XLS) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
  13. ^ 146,028,325 inhabitants / 17,098,246 km² = 8.5 inhabitants per km²
  14. ^ "Рейтинг рождаемости в регионах: кто в лидерах, а кто в аутсайдерах | Москва". ФедералПресс (in Russian). 25 February 2025. Archived from the original on 27 February 2025. Retrieved 26 February 2025.
  15. ^ "Russia's Putin seeks to stimulate birth rate". BBC. 15 January 2020. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
  16. ^ "Russia". The World Factbook. 7 February 2020. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  17. ^ "Естественная убыль пошла в рост". Коммерсантъ (in Russian). 25 February 2025. Retrieved 29 May 2025.
  18. ^ Koehn, Jodi (5 February 2001). "Russia's Demographic Crisis". Kennan Institute. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Archived from the original on 5 July 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
  19. ^ Foltynova, Kristyna (19 June 2020). "Migrants Welcome: Is Russia Trying To Solve Its Demographic Crisis By Attracting Foreigners?". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 20 June 2020. Retrieved 9 July 2021. Russia has been trying to boost fertility rates and reduce death rates for several years now. Special programs for families have been implemented, anti-tobacco campaigns have been organized, and raising the legal age to buy alcohol was considered. However, perhaps the most successful strategy so far has been attracting migrants, whose arrival helps Russia to compensate population losses.
  20. ^ Saver, Pjotr (13 October 2021). "Russia's population undergoes largest ever peacetime decline, analysis shows". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 13 October 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2021. Russia's natural population has undergone its largest peacetime decline in recorded history over the last 12 months...
  21. ^ Cite error: The named reference multinational was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  22. ^ * "Russia's population nightmare is going to get even worse". The Economist. 4 March 2023. Archived from the original on 10 April 2023. The decline was largest among ethnic Russians, whose number, the census of 2021 said, fell by 5.4m in 2010–21. Their share of the population fell from 78% to 72%.
  23. ^ Cite error: The named reference immigrants was invoked but never defined (see the help page).


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