Demographics of the United Kingdom

Demographics of the United Kingdom
Population pyramid in 2021
Population	67,596,281 (2022)[1]
Density	279/km2 (720/sq mi) (2022)[1]
Growth rate	0.85% (2022)[1]
Birth rate	10.3/1,000 population (2021)[2]
Death rate	10.0/1,000 population (2021)[2]
Life expectancy
• male	78.6 years of age (2020–2022)[3]
• female	82.6 years of age (2020–2022)[3]
Fertility rate	1.53 (2021)[2]
Infant mortality rate	4.0 deaths/1,000 live births (2021)[2]
Net migration rate	2.9 migrants/1,000 population (2024 est.)[4]
Age structure
0–14 years	17.2% (2022)[1]
15–64 years	64.0% (2022)[1]
65 and over	18.8% (2022)[1]
Sex ratio
Total	0.99 male(s)/female (2024 est.)[4]
At birth	1.05 male(s)/female (2024 est.)[4]
Under 15	1.05 male(s)/female (2024 est.)[4]
65 and over	0.85 male(s)/female (2024 est.)[4]
Nationality
Nationality	British
Major ethnic	White: 83.0% (2021/22)[a][5][6][7]
Minor ethnic	Asian British: 8.6% Black British: 3.7% British Mixed: 2.7% Other: 2.0%
Language
Spoken	British English

The population of the United Kingdom was estimated at almost 67.6 million people in 2022.^[1] It is the 21st most populated country in the world and has a population density of 279 people per square kilometre (720 people/sq mi), with England having significantly greater density than Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland.^[1] Almost a third of the population lives in south east England, which is predominantly urban and suburban, with 8.9 million in the capital city, London, whose population density was 5,640 inhabitants per square kilometre (14,600/sq mi) in 2022.^[1]

The population of the UK has undergone demographic transition—that is, the transition from a (typically) pre-industrial population, with high birth and mortality rates and slow population growth, through a stage of falling mortality and faster rates of population growth, to a stage of low birth and mortality rates with, again, lower rates of growth. This growth through 'natural change' has been accompanied in the past two decades by growth through net immigration into the United Kingdom, which since 1999 has exceeded natural change.^[8]

The United Kingdom's high literacy rate (99% at age 15 and above)^[9] is attributable to universal state education, introduced at the primary level in 1870 (Scotland 1872, free 1890^[10]) and at the secondary level in 1900. Parents are obliged to have their children educated from the ages of 5 to 16 years. In England, 16–17-year olds should remain in education, employment or training (for example, in the form of A-Levels, vocational training, and apprenticeships), until the age of 18.^[11]

The United Kingdom's population is predominantly White British (81.88% at the 2011 Census), but due to migration from Commonwealth nations, Britain has become ethnically diverse. The second and third largest non-white racial groups are Asian British at 7% of the population, followed by Black British people at 3%.

The main language of the country is British English. Some Celtic languages, namely Scottish Gaelic and Irish, are still spoken by minorities in Scotland and Northern Ireland, respectively, and Cornish has been revived to a limited degree in Cornwall; but the predominant language in all these areas is English. Welsh is widely spoken as a first language in parts of North and West Wales, and to lesser extent in South East Wales, where English is the dominant first language.^{[citation needed]}

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