Dendrogram

A dendrogram is a diagram representing a tree graph and a similarity metric, based on numerical taxonomy methods. This diagrammatic representation is frequently used in different contexts:

in hierarchical clustering, it illustrates the arrangement of the clusters produced by the corresponding analyses.^[2]
in computational biology, it shows the clustering of genes or samples, sometimes in the margins of heatmaps.^[3]
in phylogenetics, it displays the evolutionary relationships among various biological taxa. In this case, the dendrogram is also called a phylogenetic tree.^[4]

The name dendrogram derives from the two ancient greek words δένδρον (déndron), meaning "tree", and γράμμα (grámma), meaning "drawing, mathematical figure".^[5]^[6] Below a typical one:

The figure is a dendrogram output for hierarchical clustering of marine provinces using presence / absence of sponge species.^[7]

^ Swofford DL, Olsen GJ, Waddell PJ, Hillis DM (1996). "Phylogenetic inference". In Hillis DM, Moritz C, Mable BK (eds.). Molecular Systematics, 2nd edition. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer. pp. 407–514. ISBN 9780878932825.
^ Everitt, Brian (1998). Dictionary of Statistics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 96. ISBN 0-521-59346-8.
^ Wilkinson, Leland; Friendly, Michael (May 2009). "The History of the Cluster Heat Map". The American Statistician. 63 (2): 179–184. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.165.7924. doi:10.1198/tas.2009.0033. S2CID 122792460.
^ "Phylogenetic tree (biology)". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2018-10-22.
^ Bailly, Anatole (1981-01-01). Abrégé du dictionnaire grec français. Paris: Hachette. ISBN 2010035283. OCLC 461974285.
^ Bailly, Anatole. "Greek-french dictionary online". www.tabularium.be. Retrieved October 20, 2018.
^ Van Soest R, Boury-Esnault N, Vacelet J, Dohrmann M, Erpenbeck D, De Voogd N, Santodomingo N, Vanhoorne B, Kelly M, Hooper J (2012). "Global Diversity of Sponges (Porifera)". PLOS ONE. 7 (4): e35105. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...735105V. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035105. PMC 3338747. PMID 22558119.

[Swofford1996-1] Swofford DL, Olsen GJ, Waddell PJ, Hillis DM (1996). "Phylogenetic inference". In Hillis DM, Moritz C, Mable BK (eds.). Molecular Systematics, 2nd edition. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer. pp. 407–514. ISBN 9780878932825.

[2] Everitt, Brian (1998). Dictionary of Statistics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 96. ISBN 0-521-59346-8.

[Wilkinson2009-3] Wilkinson, Leland; Friendly, Michael (May 2009). "The History of the Cluster Heat Map". The American Statistician. 63 (2): 179–184. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.165.7924. doi:10.1198/tas.2009.0033. S2CID 122792460.

[4] "Phylogenetic tree (biology)". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2018-10-22.

[5] Bailly, Anatole (1981-01-01). Abrégé du dictionnaire grec français. Paris: Hachette. ISBN 2010035283. OCLC 461974285.

[6] Bailly, Anatole. "Greek-french dictionary online". www.tabularium.be. Retrieved October 20, 2018.

[VanSoest2012-7] Van Soest R, Boury-Esnault N, Vacelet J, Dohrmann M, Erpenbeck D, De Voogd N, Santodomingo N, Vanhoorne B, Kelly M, Hooper J (2012). "Global Diversity of Sponges (Porifera)". PLOS ONE. 7 (4): e35105. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...735105V. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035105. PMC 3338747. PMID 22558119.

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