Determinant

In mathematics, the determinant is a scalar value that is a certain function of the entries of a square matrix. The determinant of a matrix A is commonly denoted det(A), det A, or |A|. Its value characterizes some properties of the matrix and the linear map represented, on a given basis, by the matrix. In particular, the determinant is nonzero if and only if the matrix is invertible and the corresponding linear map is an isomorphism. The determinant of a product of matrices is the product of their determinants.

The determinant of a 2 × 2 matrix is

${\displaystyle {\begin{vmatrix}a&b\\c&d\end{vmatrix}}=ad-bc,}$

and the determinant of a 3 × 3 matrix is

${\displaystyle {\begin{vmatrix}a&b&c\\d&e&f\\g&h&i\end{vmatrix}}=aei+bfg+cdh-ceg-bdi-afh.}$

The determinant of an n × n matrix can be defined in several equivalent ways, the most common being Leibniz formula, which expresses the determinant as a sum of ${\displaystyle n!}$ (the factorial of n) signed products of matrix entries. It can be computed by the Laplace expansion, which expresses the determinant as a linear combination of determinants of submatrices, or with Gaussian elimination, which expresses the determinant as the product of the diagonal entries of a diagonal matrix that is obtained by a succession of elementary row operations.

Determinants can also be defined by some of their properties. Namely, the determinant is the unique function defined on the n × n matrices that has the four following properties:

1. The determinant of the identity matrix is 1.
2. The exchange of two rows multiplies the determinant by −1.
3. Multiplying a row by a number multiplies the determinant by this number.
4. Adding to a row a multiple of another row does not change the determinant.

The above properties relating to rows (properties 2-4) may be replaced by the corresponding statements with respect to columns.

The determinant of a square matrix can also be defined directly in terms of the associated linear endomorphism represented by the matrix. Because the determinant is invariant under a similarity transformation of matrices, it really only depends on the linear transformation, and can in principle be defined in a completely "coordinate-free" manner, that is, without using any choice of matrix representation.

Determinants occur throughout mathematics. For example, a matrix is often used to represent the coefficients in a system of linear equations, and determinants can be used to solve these equations (Cramer's rule), although other methods of solution are computationally much more efficient. Determinants are used for defining the characteristic polynomial of a square matrix, whose roots are the eigenvalues. In geometry, the signed n-dimensional volume of a n-dimensional parallelepiped is expressed by a determinant, and the determinant of a linear endomorphism determines how the orientation and the n-dimensional volume are transformed under the endomorphism. This is used in calculus with exterior differential forms and the Jacobian determinant, in particular for changes of variables in multiple integrals.