Djong

The djong, jong, or jung is a type of sailing ship originating from Java that was widely used by Javanese, Sundanese, and later, also by Peguan (Mon people), Malay, and East Asian sailors. The word was and is spelled jong in its languages of origin,^[1]^[2] the "djong" spelling was a colonial Dutch romanization.^[3]^: 71 In English, the jong lends its name to other ships of similar configuration, called junks, and to their characteristic style of rigging, the junk rig.

Jongs are used mainly as seagoing passenger and cargo vessels. They traveled as far as the Atlantic Ocean in the medieval era.^[4]^: 64 Their tonnage ranged from 40 to 2000 deadweight tons,^{[note 1]} with an average deadweight of 1200–1400 tons during the Majapahit era. Javanese kingdoms such as Majapahit, Demak Sultanate, and Kalinyamat Sultanate used these vessels as warships, but still predominantly as transport vessels.^[5]^: 59–62^[6]^: 308^[7]^: 155 Mataram Sultanate primarily used jong as a merchant ship rather than a warship.^[8]^: 1354

For their war fleet, the Malays prefer to use shallow draught, oared longships similar to the galley, such as lancaran, penjajap, and kelulus.^{[note 2]} This is very different from the Javanese who prefer long-range, deep-draught round ships such as jong and malangbang. The reason for this difference is that the Malays operated their ships in riverine water, sheltered straits zone, and archipelagic environment and also open high sea, while the Javanese are often active in the open and high sea. After contact with Iberian people, both the Javanese and Malay fleets began to use the ghurab and ghali more frequently.^[6]^{: 270–277, 290–291, 296–301}^[11]^{: 148, 155}

^ Company, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing. "The American Heritage Dictionary entry: junks". ahdictionary.com. Retrieved 2020-10-12.
^ "junk | Origin and meaning of junk by Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com. Retrieved 2020-10-12.
^ Cite error: The named reference :20 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Carta IX, 1 April 1512. In Pato, Raymundo Antonio de Bulhão; Mendonça, Henrique Lopes de (1884). Cartas de Affonso de Albuquerque, Seguidas de Documentos que as Elucidam tomo I (pp. 29–65). Lisboa: Typographia da Academia Real das Sciencas.
^ Cite error: The named reference :18 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b Nugroho, Irawan Djoko (2011). Majapahit Peradaban Maritim. Suluh Nuswantara Bakti. ISBN 978-602-9346-00-8.
^ Wade, Geoff (2012). Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 978-9814311960.
^ Cite error: The named reference :24 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Birch, Walter de Gray (1875). The Commentaries of the Great Afonso Dalboquerque, Second Viceroy of India, translated from the Portuguese edition of 1774 Vol. III. London: The Hakluyt Society, page 68; and Albuquerque, Afonso de (1774). Commentários do Grande Afonso Dalbuquerque parte III. Lisboa: Na Regia Officina Typografica, page 80–81.
^ Manguin, Pierre-Yves (1993). 'The Vanishing Jong: Insular Southeast Asian Fleets in Trade and War (Fifteenth to Seventeenth Centuries)', in Anthony Reid (ed.), Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era (Ithaca: Cornell University Press), page 212.
^ Manguin, Pierre-Yves (2012). Lancaran, Ghurab and Ghali: Mediterranean impact on war vessels in Early Modern Southeast Asia. In G. Wade & L. Tana (Eds.), Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past (pp. 146–182). Singapore: ISEAS Publishing.

Cite error: There are <ref group=note> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=note}} template (see the help page).

[1] Company, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing. "The American Heritage Dictionary entry: junks". ahdictionary.com. Retrieved 2020-10-12.

[2] "junk | Origin and meaning of junk by Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com. Retrieved 2020-10-12.

[:20-3] Cite error: The named reference :20 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[:5-4] Carta IX, 1 April 1512. In Pato, Raymundo Antonio de Bulhão; Mendonça, Henrique Lopes de (1884). Cartas de Affonso de Albuquerque, Seguidas de Documentos que as Elucidam tomo I (pp. 29–65). Lisboa: Typographia da Academia Real das Sciencas.

[:18-6] Cite error: The named reference :18 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[:1-7] Nugroho, Irawan Djoko (2011). Majapahit Peradaban Maritim. Suluh Nuswantara Bakti. ISBN 978-602-9346-00-8.

[:19-8] Wade, Geoff (2012). Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 978-9814311960.

[:24-9] Cite error: The named reference :24 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[10] Birch, Walter de Gray (1875). The Commentaries of the Great Afonso Dalboquerque, Second Viceroy of India, translated from the Portuguese edition of 1774 Vol. III. London: The Hakluyt Society, page 68; and Albuquerque, Afonso de (1774). Commentários do Grande Afonso Dalbuquerque parte III. Lisboa: Na Regia Officina Typografica, page 80–81.

[11] Manguin, Pierre-Yves (1993). 'The Vanishing Jong: Insular Southeast Asian Fleets in Trade and War (Fifteenth to Seventeenth Centuries)', in Anthony Reid (ed.), Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era (Ithaca: Cornell University Press), page 212.

[:29-13] Manguin, Pierre-Yves (2012). Lancaran, Ghurab and Ghali: Mediterranean impact on war vessels in Early Modern Southeast Asia. In G. Wade & L. Tana (Eds.), Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past (pp. 146–182). Singapore: ISEAS Publishing.

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