Dual photon

Dual Photon
Composition	Elementary particle
Statistics	Bosonic
Family	Gauge boson
Interactions	Electromagnetic
Status	Hypothetical
Theorized	2000s
Electric charge	0 e
Spin	1

In theoretical physics, the dual photon is a hypothetical elementary particle that is a dual of the photon under electric–magnetic duality which is predicted by some theoretical models,^[3]^[4]^[5] including M-theory.^[1]^[2]

It has been shown that including magnetic monopole in Maxwell's equations introduces a singularity. The only way to avoid the singularity is to include a second four-vector potential, called dual photon, in addition to the usual four-vector potential, photon.^[6] Additionally, it is found that the standard Lagrangian of electromagnetism is not dual symmetric (i.e. symmetric under rotation between electric and magnetic charges) which causes problems for the energy–momentum, spin, and orbital angular momentum tensors. To resolve this issue, a dual symmetric Lagrangian of electromagnetism has been proposed,^[3] which has a self-consistent separation of the spin and orbital degrees of freedom. The Poincaré symmetries imply that the dual electromagnetism naturally makes self-consistent conservation laws.^[3]

^ ^a ^b Tong, D.; Lambert, N. (2008). "Membranes on an Orbifold". Physical Review Letters. 101 (4): 041602. arXiv:0804.1114. Bibcode:2008PhRvL.101d1602L. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.041602. PMID 18764318. S2CID 655777.
^ ^a ^b Bakas, I. (2010). "Dual photons and gravitons". Publ.Astron.Obs.Belgrade. 88: 113–132. arXiv:0910.1739. Bibcode:2010POBeo..88..113B.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Bliokh, K. Y.; Bekshaev, A. Y.; Nori, F. (2013). "Dual electromagnetism: helicity, spin, momentum and angular momentum". New Journal of Physics. 15 (3): 033026. arXiv:1208.4523. Bibcode:2013NJPh...15c3026B. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/15/3/033026. S2CID 14501052.
^ ^a ^b Elbistan, M.; Duval, C.; Horváthy, P. A.; Zhang, P.-M. (2016). "Duality and helicity: A symplectic viewpoint". Physics Letters B. 761: 265–268. arXiv:1608.01131. Bibcode:2016PhLB..761..265E. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2016.08.041. S2CID 119176701.
^ ^a ^b Elbistan, M.; Horváthy, P. A.; Zhang, P.-M. (2017). "Duality and helicity: the photon wave function approach". Physics Letters A. 381 (30): 2375–2379. arXiv:1608.08573. Bibcode:2017PhLA..381.2375E. doi:10.1016/j.physleta.2017.05.042. S2CID 119180293.
^ Singleton, D. (1996). "Electromagnetism with magnetic charge and two photons". American Journal of Physics. 64 (4): 452–458. arXiv:1106.1505. Bibcode:1996AmJPh..64..452S. doi:10.1119/1.18191. S2CID 119714958.

[tong-1] Tong, D.; Lambert, N. (2008). "Membranes on an Orbifold". Physical Review Letters. 101 (4): 041602. arXiv:0804.1114. Bibcode:2008PhRvL.101d1602L. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.041602. PMID 18764318. S2CID 655777.

[bakas-2] Bakas, I. (2010). "Dual photons and gravitons". Publ.Astron.Obs.Belgrade. 88: 113–132. arXiv:0910.1739. Bibcode:2010POBeo..88..113B.

[bliokh-3] Bliokh, K. Y.; Bekshaev, A. Y.; Nori, F. (2013). "Dual electromagnetism: helicity, spin, momentum and angular momentum". New Journal of Physics. 15 (3): 033026. arXiv:1208.4523. Bibcode:2013NJPh...15c3026B. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/15/3/033026. S2CID 14501052.

[elbistan1-4] Elbistan, M.; Duval, C.; Horváthy, P. A.; Zhang, P.-M. (2016). "Duality and helicity: A symplectic viewpoint". Physics Letters B. 761: 265–268. arXiv:1608.01131. Bibcode:2016PhLB..761..265E. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2016.08.041. S2CID 119176701.

[elbistan2-5] Elbistan, M.; Horváthy, P. A.; Zhang, P.-M. (2017). "Duality and helicity: the photon wave function approach". Physics Letters A. 381 (30): 2375–2379. arXiv:1608.08573. Bibcode:2017PhLA..381.2375E. doi:10.1016/j.physleta.2017.05.042. S2CID 119180293.

[singleton-6] Singleton, D. (1996). "Electromagnetism with magnetic charge and two photons". American Journal of Physics. 64 (4): 452–458. arXiv:1106.1505. Bibcode:1996AmJPh..64..452S. doi:10.1119/1.18191. S2CID 119714958.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]