Duchy of Livonia

Duchy of Livonia
*Księstwo Zadźwińskie* (Polish)
*Ducatus Ultradunensis* (Latin)
*Herzogtum Livland* (German)
Duchy of Livonia Księstwo Zadźwińskie (Polish); Ducatus Ultradunensis (Latin); Herzogtum Livland (German)
Vassal of Grand Duchy of Lithuania, then of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1561–1629
	Coat of arms
	; Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth with its major subdivisions after the 1618 Truce of Deulino, superimposed on present-day national borders. Livonia here is coloured dark grey, upper-right, over modern Estonia and Latvia. Swedish Estonia is coloured green.
Capital	Fellin (Viljandi)
Area
• Coordinates	58°22′N 25°36′E / 58.367°N 25.600°E
Government
• Type	Principality
Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland
• 1561–1572	Sigismund II Augustus
• 1573–1575	Henry III de Valois
• 1576–1586	Stephen Báthory and Anna Jagiellon
• 1588–1621	Sigismund III Vasa
Governor
• 1566–1578	Jan Hieronimowicz Chodkiewicz
Historical era	Early Modern Age
• Treaty of Vilnius	28 November 1561
• Polish–Swedish War	1620–1622
• Truce of Altmark	25 September 1629
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Terra Mariana
	Free Imperial city of Riga
Swedish Livonia
Inflanty Voivodeship

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The Duchy of Livonia,^[2]^[a] also referred to as Polish Livonia or Livonia,^[b] was a territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and later the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that existed from 1561 to 1621. It corresponds to the present-day areas of northern Latvia and southern Estonia.

^ Although colored green, the island of Oesel was not part of Sweden until 1645 and belonged to Danish Crown. It was ceded to Sweden along with Gotland after signing the Second Treaty of Brömsebro (1645).
^ Brand, Hanno (2005). Trade, Diplomacy and Cultural Exchange: Continuity and Change in the North. p. 17. ISBN 90-6550-881-3.
^ Bojtár, Endre (1999). Foreword to the Past. p. 176. ISBN 978-963-9116-42-9.
^ Plakans, Andrejs (2011). A Concise History of the Baltic States. Cambridge University Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-521-54155-8.

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[1] Although colored green, the island of Oesel was not part of Sweden until 1645 and belonged to Danish Crown. It was ceded to Sweden along with Gotland after signing the Second Treaty of Brömsebro (1645).

[2] Brand, Hanno (2005). Trade, Diplomacy and Cultural Exchange: Continuity and Change in the North. p. 17. ISBN 90-6550-881-3.

[3] Bojtár, Endre (1999). Foreword to the Past. p. 176. ISBN 978-963-9116-42-9.

[5] Plakans, Andrejs (2011). A Concise History of the Baltic States. Cambridge University Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-521-54155-8.

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