Enteric nervous system | |
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![]() The enteric nervous system is embedded in the lining of the gastrointestinal system. | |
Identifiers | |
Acronym(s) | ENS |
MeSH | D017615 |
FMA | 66070 |
Anatomical terminology |
The enteric nervous system (ENS) or intrinsic nervous system is one of the three main divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), the other being the sympathetic (SNS) and parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS), and consists of a mesh-like system of neurons that governs the function of the gastrointestinal tract.[1] It is capable of acting independently of the SNS and PSNS, although it may be influenced by them. The ENS is nicknamed the "second brain".[2][3] It is derived from neural crest cells.[4][5]
The enteric nervous system is capable of operating independently of the brain and spinal cord,[6] but is thought to rely on innervation from the vagus nerve and prevertebral ganglia in healthy subjects. However, studies have shown that the system is operable with a severed vagus nerve.[7] The neurons of the enteric nervous system control the motor functions of the system, in addition to the secretion of gastrointestinal enzymes. These neurons communicate through many neurotransmitters similar to the CNS, including acetylcholine, dopamine, and serotonin. The large presence of serotonin and dopamine in the intestines are key areas of research for neurogastroenterology.[8][9][10]
One area of research into the ENS, suggests that the ENS, out of control, manifests itself upon exhalation. It is suspected that the relaxed state during exhalation enables the ENS to 'take control' and at this time a person may suffer convulsions and may seize. This state often manifests itself when a person is resting. Attempts to control what are 'antisocial' bursts (uncontrolled vocalization, for example) is possible, but eventually, any attempts to control the symptoms will fail, and the person that suffers from the affliction cannot control vocalization which can be a source of great embarrassment to the sufferer. [url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4cI43Ju99eI]
Furness2008
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