Clinical data | |
---|---|
Pronunciation | /ɪˈfɛdrɪn/ or /ˈɛfɪdriːn/ |
Trade names | Akovaz, Corphedra, Emerphed, others |
Other names | (−)-(1R,2S)-Ephedrine; (1R,2S)-β-Hydroxy-N-methylamphetamine; (1R,2S)-β-Hydroxy-N-methyl-α-methyl-β-phenethylamine |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Ephedrine: Monograph HCl: Monograph Sulfate: Monograph |
Pregnancy category |
|
Routes of administration | By mouth, intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SC) |
ATC code | |
Legal status | |
Legal status | |
Pharmacokinetic data | |
Bioavailability | 88%[6] |
Metabolism | Largely unmetabolized[6] |
Metabolites | Norephedrine[6] |
Onset of action | IV (seconds), IM (10 min to 20 min), by mouth (15 min to 60 min)[7] |
Elimination half-life | 6 hours[6] |
Duration of action | IV/IM (60 min), by mouth (2 h to 4 h) |
Excretion | Mainly urine (60% unchanged)[6] |
Identifiers | |
| |
CAS Number | |
PubChem CID | |
IUPHAR/BPS | |
DrugBank | |
ChemSpider | |
UNII |
|
KEGG | |
ChEBI | |
ChEMBL |
|
CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
ECHA InfoCard | 100.005.528 |
Chemical and physical data | |
Formula | C10H15NO |
Molar mass | 165.236 g·mol−1 |
3D model (JSmol) | |
| |
| |
(what is this?) (verify) |
Ephedrine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is often used to prevent low blood pressure during anesthesia.[7] It has also been used for asthma, narcolepsy, and obesity but is not the preferred treatment.[7] It is of unclear benefit in nasal congestion.[7] It can be taken by mouth or by injection into a muscle, vein, or just under the skin.[7] Onset with intravenous use is fast, while injection into a muscle can take 20 minutes, and by mouth can take an hour for effect.[7] When given by injection it lasts about an hour and when taken by mouth it can last up to four hours.[7]
Common side effects include trouble sleeping, anxiety, headache, hallucinations, high blood pressure, fast heart rate, loss of appetite, and urinary retention.[7] Serious side effects include stroke and heart attack.[7] While likely safe in pregnancy, its use in this population is poorly studied.[8][9] Use during breastfeeding is not recommended.[9] Ephedrine works by increasing the activity of the α and β adrenergic receptors.[7]
Ephedrine was first isolated in 1885 and came into commercial use in 1926.[10][11] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[12] It is available as a generic medication.[7] It can normally be found in plants of the Ephedra genus.[7] Over-the-counter dietary supplements containing ephedrine are illegal in the United States,[7] with the exception of those used in traditional Chinese medicine, where its presence is noted by má huáng.[7]
© MMXXIII Rich X Search. We shall prevail. All rights reserved. Rich X Search