First War of Scottish Independence

First War of Scottish Independence
Part of the Wars of Scottish Independence
The Battle of Stirling Bridge, fought on 11 September, 1297
Date 26 March 1296[a] – 1 May 1328 (32 years, 35 days) Location Scotland and England Result Scottish victory Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton Scottish independence from England maintained, Robert the Bruce installed as King English victory in Ireland Reinstatement of Anglo-Scottish border from reign of Alexander III of Scotland
Belligerents
Kingdom of Scotland Gaelic Ireland: Kingdom of Connacht Kingdom of Thomond Kingdom of Hy Many Kingdom of Tyrconnell Kingdom of Breffny Kingdom of Oriel Kingdom of Desmond Kingdom of Moylurg	Kingdom of England Lordship of Ireland
Commanders and leaders
John Balliol  # William Wallace  (Commander-in-chief until 1305) Robert I (Commander-in-chief from 1305) John "Red" Comyn X Andrew Moray (DOW) William the Hardy  # James "Black" Douglas Earl of Moray Edward Bruce † Simon Fraser  Angus Og MacDonald Walter the Steward	Edward I  # (1296–1307) Edward II  X (1307–1327) Edward III (1327–1328) Earl of Surrey # Earl of Pembroke # Earl of Richmond Raymond Caillau † Earl of Louth Earl of Carrick # Earl of Desmond Antony Bek # Earl of March
Strength
Unknown	Unknown
Casualties and losses
~6,210 killed	~24,342 killed ~500 captured

The First War of Scottish Independence was the first of a series of wars between England and Scotland. It lasted from the English invasion of Scotland in 1296 until the de jure restoration of Scottish independence with the Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton in 1328. De facto independence was established in 1314 following an English defeat at the Battle of Bannockburn. The wars were caused by the attempts of the English kings to seize territory by claiming sovereignty over Scotland, while the Scots fought to keep both English rule and authority out of Scotland.^[1]

The term "War of Independence" did not exist at the time; the name was applied retrospectively many centuries later, after the American War of Independence made the term popular, and after the rise of modern Scottish nationalism.^{[not verified in body]}

The First War of Scottish Independence should not be viewed in isolation from the Gascon War and Franco-Flemish War since Philip IV of France and Edward I of England sought allies in Scotland and Flanders as part of their initial conflict. John Balliol of Scotland allied himself with Philip IV of France in 1295 whilst Guy, Count of Flanders allied himself with Edward I of England.

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