Back هروب وطرد الألمان من بولندا أثناء الحرب العالمية الثانية وبعدها Arabic Fuite et expulsion des Allemands de Pologne après la Seconde Guerre mondiale French 波蘭對德意志人的驅逐 Chinese

Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II

Expulsion of Sudeten Germans following the end of World War II
Flight and expulsion of Germans during
and after World War II
(demographic estimates)
Background
Wartime flight and evacuation
Post-war flight and expulsion
Later emigration
Other themes
Germans leaving almost Silesia for Allied-occupied Germany in 1945. Courtesy of the German Federal Archives (Deutsches Bundesarchiv).
Refugee trek, in Danzig and the surrounding area, February 1945
Propaganda signs, Danzig, February 1945: "Panic and rumours are the best allies of the Bolshevists!"

The flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland was the largest of a series of flights and expulsions of Germans in Europe during and after World War II. The German population fled or was expelled from all regions which are currently within the territorial boundaries of Poland: including the former eastern territories of Germany annexed by Poland after the war and parts of pre-war Poland; despite acquiring territories from Germany, the Poles themselves were also expelled from the former eastern territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union. West German government figures of those evacuated, migrated, or expelled by 1950 totaled 8,030,000 (6,981,000 from the former eastern territories of Germany; 290,800 from Danzig, 688,000 from pre-war Poland and 170,000 Baltic Germans resettled in Poland during the war).[1] Research by the West German government put the figure of Germans emigrating from Poland from 1951 to 1982 at 894,000; they are also considered expellees under German Federal Expellee Law.[2]

The German population east of Oder-Neisse was estimated at over 11 million in early 1945.[3] The first mass flight of Germans followed the Red Army's advance and was composed of both spontaneous flight driven by Soviet atrocities, and organised evacuation starting in the summer of 1944 and continuing through to the spring of 1945.[4] Overall about 1% (100,000) of the German civilian population east of the Oder–Neisse line perished in the fighting prior to the surrender in May 1945.[5] In 1945, the eastern territories of Germany as well as Polish areas annexed by Germany were occupied by the Soviet Red Army and communist Polish military forces. German civilians were also sent as "reparation labor" to the USSR.[6] The Soviet Union transferred former German territories in the east of the Oder–Neisse line to Poland in July 1945.[7] In mid-1945, 4.5 to 4.6 million Germans remained on the territories that were given under Polish control[8] pending a final peace conference with Germany, which eventually never took place.[9]

Early expulsions in Poland were undertaken by the Soviet-backed communist military authorities in Poland[10] even before the Potsdam Conference ("wild expulsions"),[11] to ensure the later integration into an ethnically homogeneous Poland[12] as envisioned by the Polish communists.[13][14] Between seven hundred and eight hundred thousand Germans were affected.[4] Contrary to the official declaration that the former German inhabitants of the so-called Recovered Territories had to be removed quickly to house Poles displaced by the Soviet annexation, the lands initially faced a severe population shortage.[15]

By early 1946, 932,000 people had been "verified" as having Polish nationality. In the February 1946 census, 2,288,000 persons were listed as Germans and 417,400 became subject to verification aiming at the establishment of nationality.[16][17] From the spring of 1946 the expulsions gradually became better organised, affecting the remaining German population.[4] By 1950, 3,155,000 German civilians had been expelled and 1,043,550 were naturalised as Polish citizens.[18] Germans considered "indispensable" for the Polish economy were retained; virtually all had left by 1960. Some 500,000 Germans in Poland, East Prussia, and Silesia were employed as forced labor in communist-administered camps prior to being expelled from Poland.[19] Besides large camps, some of which were re-used German concentration camps, numerous other forced labour, punitive and internment camps, urban ghettos, and detention centres sometimes consisting only of a small cellar were set up.[20]

The attitude of Polish civilians, many of whom had experienced brutalities during the preceding German occupation, was varied.[21] There were incidents when Poles, even freed slave labourers, protected Germans, for example by disguising them as Poles.[21] The attitude of the Soviet soldiers was ambivalent. Many committed numerous atrocities, most prominently rapes and murders,[22] and did not always distinguish between Poles and Germans, often mistreating them alike.[23] Other Soviets were taken aback by the brutal treatment of the Germans and engaged in their protection.[21] According to the West German Schieder commission of 1953, the civilian death toll was 2 million.[24] However, in 1974 the German Federal Archives estimated a death toll of about 400,000 (including the victims of those deported from Kaliningrad).[25][26][27]

  1. ^ Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste. Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50. Herausgeber: Statistisches Bundesamt - Wiesbaden. - Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Verlag, 1958 Pages 38 and 45
  2. ^ Gerhard Reichling. Die deutschen Vertriebenen in Zahlen, Bonn 1995, ISBN 3-88557-046-7 Page 53
  3. ^ "Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa". In Verbindung mit A. Diestelkamp [et al.] bearb. von T. Schieder Bonn, Hrsg. vom Bundesministerium für Vertriebene, 1953 pages 78 and 155
  4. ^ a b c Arie Marcelo Kacowicz, Pawel Lutomski, Population resettlement in international conflicts: a comparative study, Lexington Books, 2007, pp.100,101 ISBN 0-7391-1607-X [1]
  5. ^ Spieler, Silke. ed. Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945–1948. Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28. Mai 1974. Archivalien und ausgewählte Erlebnisberichte. Bonn: Kulturstiftung der deutschen Vertriebenen. (1989). ISBN 3-88557-067-X. Pages 23–41
  6. ^ Pavel Polian-Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR Central European University Press 2003 ISBN 963-9241-68-7 Pages 286-293
  7. ^ Kamusella 2004, p. 28.
  8. ^ Ludność Polski w XX wieku Andrzej Gawryszewski. Warszawa : Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania im. Stanisława Leszczyckiego PAN, 2005. Pages 455-460 and page 466
  9. ^ Geoffrey K. Roberts, Patricia Hogwood (2013). The Politics Today Companion to West European Politics. Oxford University Press. p. 50. ISBN 9781847790323.; Piotr Stefan Wandycz (1980). The United States and Poland. Harvard University Press. p. 303. ISBN 9780674926851.; Phillip A. Bühler (1990). The Oder-Neisse Line: a reappraisal under international law. East European Monographs. p. 33. ISBN 9780880331746.
  10. ^ Philipp Ther, Deutsche Und Polnische Vertriebene: Gesellschaft und Vertriebenenpolitik in SBZ/ddr und in Polen 1945-1956, 1998, p.56, ISBN 3-525-35790-7: From June until mid July, Polish military and militia expelled nearly all people from the districts immediately east of the rivers [Oder–Neisse line]
  11. ^ Kamusella 2004, p. 27.
  12. ^ Matthew J. Gibney, Randall Hansen, Immigration and Asylum: From 1900 to the Present, 2005, p. 197, ISBN 1-57607-796-9, ISBN 978-1-57607-796-2
  13. ^ Naimark, Russian in Germany. p. 75 reference 31: "a citation from the Plenum of the Central Committee of the Polish Workers Party, May 20–21, 1945."
  14. ^ Kamusella 2004, p. 26.
  15. ^ R. M. Douglas. Orderly and Humane. The Expulsion of the Germans after the Second World War. Yale University Press. p. 261.
  16. ^ "Ludność Polski w XX wieku / Andrzej Gawryszewski. Warszawa : Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania im. Stanisława Leszczyckiego PAN, 2005. Page 312 and Pages 452 to 466". Archived from the original on 2010-11-06. Retrieved 2011-10-25.
  17. ^ The quality of the 1946 census data was very low
  18. ^ Pitor Eberhardt in POLITICAL MIGRATIONS IN POLAND 1939-1948 pages 44–45
  19. ^ Polski w XX wieku / Andrzej Gawryszewski. Warszawa : Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania im. Stanisława Leszczyckiego PAN, 2005. Page 312[permanent dead link]
  20. ^ Kamusella 2004, p. 29.
  21. ^ a b c Matthew J. Gibney, Randall Hansen, Immigration and Asylum: From 1900 to the Present, 2005, p.198, ISBN 1-57607-796-9, ISBN 978-1-57607-796-2
  22. ^ Earl R. Beck, Under the Bombs: The German Home Front, 1942-1945, University Press of Kentucky, 1999, p. 176, ISBN 0-8131-0977-9
  23. ^ Cite error: The named reference Jankowiak was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  24. ^ Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa. Band 1 In Verbindung mit A. Diestelkamp [et al.] bearb. von T. Schieder Bonn, Hrsg. vom Bundesministerium für Vertriebene, 1953 pages 160
  25. ^ Spieler, Silke. ed. Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945-1948. Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28. Mai 1974. Archivalien und ausgewählte Erlebnisberichte, Bonn: Kulturstiftung der deutschen Vertriebenen. (1989). ISBN 3-88557-067-X. Page
  26. ^ "^ Ingo Haar, Straty zwiazane z wypedzeniami: stan badañ, problemy, perspektywy. Polish Diplomatic Review. 2007, nr 5 (39) Page 18" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-03-02. Retrieved 2011-10-25.
  27. ^ Ingo Haar, Bevölkerungsbilanzen" und "Vertreibungsverluste. Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte der deutschen Opferangaben aus Flucht und Vertreibung :Herausforderung Bevölkerung : zu Entwicklungen des modernen Denkens über die Bevölkerung vor, im und nach dem Dritten Reich Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften 2007 ISBN 978-3-531-90653-9

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