Freshwater acidification

Freshwater acidification occurs when acidic inputs enter a body of fresh water through the weathering of rocks, invasion of acidifying gas (e.g. carbon dioxide), or by the reduction of acid anions, like sulfate and nitrate within a lake.^[1] Freshwater acidification is primarily caused by sulfur oxides (SO_x) and nitrogen oxides (NO_x) entering the water from atmospheric depositions and soil leaching_.^[1] Carbonic acid and dissolved carbon dioxide can also enter freshwaters, in a similar manner associated with runoff, through carbon dioxide-rich soils.^[1] Runoff that contains these compounds may incorporate acidifying hydrogen ions and inorganic aluminum, which can be toxic to marine organisms.^[1] Acid rain is also a contributor to freshwater acidification. It is created when SO_x and NO_x react with water, oxygen, and other oxidants within the clouds.^[2]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Psenner, Roland (March 1994). "Environmental impacts on freshwaters: acidification as a global problem". Science of the Total Environment. 143 (1): 53–61. Bibcode:1994ScTEn.143...53P. doi:10.1016/0048-9697(94)90532-0. ISSN 0048-9697.
^ Irwin, J.G.; Williams, M.L. (1988). "Acid rain: Chemistry and transport". Environmental Pollution. 50 (1–2): 29–59. doi:10.1016/0269-7491(88)90184-4. ISSN 0269-7491. PMID 15092652.

[Psenner-1994-1] Psenner, Roland (March 1994). "Environmental impacts on freshwaters: acidification as a global problem". Science of the Total Environment. 143 (1): 53–61. Bibcode:1994ScTEn.143...53P. doi:10.1016/0048-9697(94)90532-0. ISSN 0048-9697.

[2] Irwin, J.G.; Williams, M.L. (1988). "Acid rain: Chemistry and transport". Environmental Pollution. 50 (1–2): 29–59. doi:10.1016/0269-7491(88)90184-4. ISSN 0269-7491. PMID 15092652.

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