Gaussian noise

Without noise

With Gaussian noise

In signal processing theory, Gaussian noise, named after Carl Friedrich Gauss, is a kind of signal noise that has a probability density function (pdf) equal to that of the normal distribution (which is also known as the Gaussian distribution).^[1][2] In other words, the values that the noise can take are Gaussian-distributed.

The probability density function ${\displaystyle p}$ of a Gaussian random variable ${\displaystyle z}$ is given by:

${\displaystyle \varphi (z)={\frac {1}{\sigma {\sqrt {2\pi }}}}e^{-(z-\mu )^{2}/(2\sigma ^{2})}}$

where ${\displaystyle z}$ represents the grey level, ${\displaystyle \mu }$ the mean grey value and ${\displaystyle \sigma }$ its standard deviation.^[3]

A special case is white Gaussian noise, in which the values at any pair of times are identically distributed and statistically independent (and hence uncorrelated). In communication channel testing and modelling, Gaussian noise is used as additive white noise to generate additive white Gaussian noise.

In telecommunications and computer networking, communication channels can be affected by wideband Gaussian noise coming from many natural sources, such as the thermal vibrations of atoms in conductors (referred to as thermal noise or Johnson–Nyquist noise), shot noise, black-body radiation from the earth and other warm objects, and from celestial sources such as the Sun.