Geographic atrophy

Geographic atrophy (GA), also known as atrophic age-related macular degeneration (AMD) or advanced dry AMD, is an advanced form of age-related macular degeneration that can result in the progressive and irreversible loss of retinal tissue (photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, choriocapillaris) which can lead to a loss of visual function over time.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] It is estimated that GA affects over 5 million people worldwide and approximately 1 million patients in the US,^[5]^[6] which is similar to the prevalence of neovascular (wet) AMD, the other advanced form of the disease.

The incidence of advanced AMD, both geographic atrophy and neovascular AMD, increases exponentially with age. The aim of most current clinical trials is to reduce the progression of GA lesion enlargement.^[7]

^ Lindblad, AS; Lloyd, PC; Clemons, TE; Gensler, GR; Ferris FL, 3rd; Klein, ML; Armstrong, JR; Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research, Group. (September 2009). "Change in area of geographic atrophy in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study: AREDS report number 26" (PDF). Archives of Ophthalmology. 127 (9): 1168–74. doi:10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.198. PMC 6500457. PMID 19752426.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Sunness, JS (3 November 1999). "The natural history of geographic atrophy, the advanced atrophic form of age-related macular degeneration". Molecular Vision. 5: 25. PMID 10562649.
^ Bonilha, Vera L (2008). "Age and disease-related structural changes in the retinal pigment epithelium". Clinical Ophthalmology. 2 (2): 413–424. doi:10.2147/opth.s2151. ISSN 1177-5467. PMC 2693982. PMID 19668732.
^ Lindner, Moritz; Fleckenstein, Monika; Schmitz-Valckenberg, Steffen; Holz, Frank G. (2018), "Atrophy, Geographic", Encyclopedia of Ophthalmology, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 207–209, doi:10.1007/978-3-540-69000-9_1125, ISBN 9783540682929
^ Wong, Wan Ling; Su, Xinyi; Li, Xiang; Cheung, Chui Ming G; Klein, Ronald; Cheng, Ching-Yu; Wong, Tien Yin (February 2014). "Global prevalence of age-related macular degeneration and disease burden projection for 2020 and 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis". The Lancet Global Health. 2 (2): e106–e116. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(13)70145-1. PMID 25104651.
^ Rudnicka, Alicja R.; Kapetanakis, Venediktos V.; Jarrar, Zakariya; Wathern, Andrea K.; Wormald, Richard; Fletcher, Astrid E.; Cook, Derek G.; Owen, Christopher G. (July 2015). "Incidence of Late-Stage Age-Related Macular Degeneration in American Whites: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". American Journal of Ophthalmology. 160 (1): 85–93.e3. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2015.04.003. PMID 25857680.
^ Sadda, SriniVas R.; Chakravarthy, Usha; Birch, David G.; Staurenghi, Giovanni; Henry, Erin C.; Brittain, Christopher (October 2016). "Clinical Endpoints for the Study of Geographic Atrophy Secondary to Age-Related Macular Degeneration". Retina. 36 (10): 1806–1822. doi:10.1097/IAE.0000000000001283. PMC 5384792. PMID 27652913.

[1] Lindblad, AS; Lloyd, PC; Clemons, TE; Gensler, GR; Ferris FL, 3rd; Klein, ML; Armstrong, JR; Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research, Group. (September 2009). "Change in area of geographic atrophy in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study: AREDS report number 26" (PDF). Archives of Ophthalmology. 127 (9): 1168–74. doi:10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.198. PMC 6500457. PMID 19752426.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

[2] Sunness, JS (3 November 1999). "The natural history of geographic atrophy, the advanced atrophic form of age-related macular degeneration". Molecular Vision. 5: 25. PMID 10562649.

[3] Bonilha, Vera L (2008). "Age and disease-related structural changes in the retinal pigment epithelium". Clinical Ophthalmology. 2 (2): 413–424. doi:10.2147/opth.s2151. ISSN 1177-5467. PMC 2693982. PMID 19668732.

[4] Lindner, Moritz; Fleckenstein, Monika; Schmitz-Valckenberg, Steffen; Holz, Frank G. (2018), "Atrophy, Geographic", Encyclopedia of Ophthalmology, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 207–209, doi:10.1007/978-3-540-69000-9_1125, ISBN 9783540682929

[5] Wong, Wan Ling; Su, Xinyi; Li, Xiang; Cheung, Chui Ming G; Klein, Ronald; Cheng, Ching-Yu; Wong, Tien Yin (February 2014). "Global prevalence of age-related macular degeneration and disease burden projection for 2020 and 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis". The Lancet Global Health. 2 (2): e106–e116. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(13)70145-1. PMID 25104651.

[6] Rudnicka, Alicja R.; Kapetanakis, Venediktos V.; Jarrar, Zakariya; Wathern, Andrea K.; Wormald, Richard; Fletcher, Astrid E.; Cook, Derek G.; Owen, Christopher G. (July 2015). "Incidence of Late-Stage Age-Related Macular Degeneration in American Whites: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". American Journal of Ophthalmology. 160 (1): 85–93.e3. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2015.04.003. PMID 25857680.

[Sadda-7] Sadda, SriniVas R.; Chakravarthy, Usha; Birch, David G.; Staurenghi, Giovanni; Henry, Erin C.; Brittain, Christopher (October 2016). "Clinical Endpoints for the Study of Geographic Atrophy Secondary to Age-Related Macular Degeneration". Retina. 36 (10): 1806–1822. doi:10.1097/IAE.0000000000001283. PMC 5384792. PMID 27652913.

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