Global hectare

The global hectare (gha) is a measurement unit for the ecological footprint of people or activities and the biocapacity of the Earth or its regions. One global hectare is the world's annual amount of biological production for human use and human waste assimilation, per hectare of biologically productive land and fisheries.

It measures production and consumption of different products. It starts with the total biological production and waste assimilation in the world, including crops, forests (both wood production and CO₂ absorption), grazing and fishing.^[1] The total of these kinds of production, weighted by the richness of the land they use,^[1] is divided by the number of hectares used. Biologically productive areas include cropland, forest and fishing grounds, and do not include deserts, glaciers and the open ocean.^[2]

"Global hectares per person" refers to the amount of production and waste assimilation per person on the planet. In 2012 there were approximately 12.2 billion global hectares of production and waste assimilation, averaging 1.7 global hectares per person.^[3] Consumption totaled 20.1 billion global hectares or 2.8 global hectares per person, meaning about 65% more was consumed than produced. This is possible because there are natural reserves all around the globe that function as backup food, material and energy supplies, although only for a relatively short period of time. Due to overconsumption, these reserves are being depleted at an ever increasing tempo (see Earth Overshoot Day).

The term "global hectare" was introduced in the early 2000s,^[4] based on a similar concept from the 1970s named "ghost acreage".^[5] Opponents and defenders of the concept have discussed its strengths and weaknesses.^[6]