Guidance, navigation, and control

Guidance, navigation and control (abbreviated GNC, GN&C, or G&C) is a branch of engineering dealing with the design of systems to control the movement of vehicles, especially, automobiles, ships, aircraft, and spacecraft. In many cases these functions can be performed by trained humans. However, because of the speed of, for example, a rocket's dynamics, human reaction time is too slow to control this movement. Therefore, systems—now almost exclusively digital electronic—are used for such control. Even in cases where humans can perform these functions, it is often the case that GNC systems provide benefits such as alleviating operator work load, smoothing turbulence, fuel savings, etc. In addition, sophisticated applications of GNC enable automatic or remote control.

Guidance refers to the determination of the desired path of travel (the "trajectory") from the vehicle's current location to a designated target, as well as desired changes in velocity, rotation and acceleration for following that path.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Navigation refers to the determination, at a given time, of the vehicle's location and velocity (the "state vector") as well as its attitude.^{[citation needed]}
Control refers to the manipulation of the forces, by way of steering controls, thrusters, etc., needed to execute guidance commands while maintaining vehicle stability.^{[citation needed]}

^ Grewal, Mohinder S.; Weill, Lawrence R.; Andrews, Angus P. (2007). Global Positioning Systems, Inertial Navigation, and Integration (2nd ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey, USA: Wiley-Interscience, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-470-04190-1.
^ Farrell, Jay A. (2008). Aided Navigation: GPS with High Rate Sensors. USA: The McGraw-Hill Companies. pp. 5 et seq. ISBN 978-0-07-164266-8.
^ Draper, C. S.; Wrigley, W.; Hoag, G.; Battin, R. H.; Miller, E.; Koso, A.; Hopkins, A. L.; Vander Velde, W. E. (June 1965). Apollo Guidance and Navigation (PDF) (Report). Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Instrumentation Laboratory. pp. I-3 et seqq. Retrieved 12 October 2014.

[1] Grewal, Mohinder S.; Weill, Lawrence R.; Andrews, Angus P. (2007). Global Positioning Systems, Inertial Navigation, and Integration (2nd ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey, USA: Wiley-Interscience, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-470-04190-1.

[2] Farrell, Jay A. (2008). Aided Navigation: GPS with High Rate Sensors. USA: The McGraw-Hill Companies. pp. 5 et seq. ISBN 978-0-07-164266-8.

[3] Draper, C. S.; Wrigley, W.; Hoag, G.; Battin, R. H.; Miller, E.; Koso, A.; Hopkins, A. L.; Vander Velde, W. E. (June 1965). Apollo Guidance and Navigation (PDF) (Report). Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Instrumentation Laboratory. pp. I-3 et seqq. Retrieved 12 October 2014.

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