Haplogroup CT

Haplogroup CT
Haplogroup CT
Possible time of origin	~70,000 BP, ~100,000 BP, or ~101,000 BP
Possible place of origin	Africa, possibly Northeast Africa
Ancestor	Haplogroup BT
Descendants	Haplogroup CF, Haplogroup DE
Defining mutations	P9.1, M168, M294, V9, V41, V54, V189, and V226

Haplogroup CT is a human Y chromosome haplogroup. CT has two basal branches, CF and DE. DE is divided into a predominantly Asia-distributed haplogroup D-CTS3946 and a predominantly Africa-distributed haplogroup E-M96, while CF is divided into an East Asian, Native American, and Oceanian haplogroup C-M130 and haplogroup F-M89, which dominates most non-African populations.

^ Karafet et al. (2008) give "70,000", citing "68,500±6000 years" from Hammer and Zegura (2002). Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF (2008). "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Research. 18 (5): 830–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMC 2336805. PMID 18385274.. The split between CF and DE (which in the absence of a paragroup CT* is equivalent to the age of CT) has been dated to 70,000–75,000 years ago in Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans, Nature 505, 87–91 (02 January 2014)
^ ^a ^b Kamin M, Saag L, Vincente M, et al. (April 2015). "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture". Genome Research. 25 (4): 459–466. doi:10.1101/gr.186684.114. PMC 4381518. PMID 25770088.
^ Haber M, Jones AL, Connel BA, Asan, Arciero E, Huanming Y, Thomas MG, Xue Y, Tyler-Smith C (June 2019). "A Rare Deep-Rooting D0 African Y-chromosomal Haplogroup and its Implications for the Expansion of Modern Humans Out of Africa". Genetics. 212 (4): 1421–1428. doi:10.1534/genetics.119.302368. PMC 6707464. PMID 31196864.
^ Underhill and Kivisild; Kivisild, T (2007). "Use of Y Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Population Structure in Tracing Human Migrations". Annu. Rev. Genet. 41 (1): 539–64. doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.41.110306.130407. PMID 18076332. S2CID 24904955.
^ Stone, Linda; Paul F. Lurquin; Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza (2007). "Voyages, Prehistoric Human Expansions". Genes, Culture, and Human Evolution. Wiley. p. 187. ISBN 978-1-4051-5089-7.
^ Cite error: The named reference Karafet1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Johnson was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Karafet-1] Karafet et al. (2008) give "70,000", citing "68,500±6000 years" from Hammer and Zegura (2002). Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF (2008). "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Research. 18 (5): 830–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMC 2336805. PMID 18385274.. The split between CF and DE (which in the absence of a paragroup CT* is equivalent to the age of CT) has been dated to 70,000–75,000 years ago in Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans, Nature 505, 87–91 (02 January 2014)

[A_recent_bottleneck_of_Y_chromosome-2] Kamin M, Saag L, Vincente M, et al. (April 2015). "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture". Genome Research. 25 (4): 459–466. doi:10.1101/gr.186684.114. PMC 4381518. PMID 25770088.

[3] Haber M, Jones AL, Connel BA, Asan, Arciero E, Huanming Y, Thomas MG, Xue Y, Tyler-Smith C (June 2019). "A Rare Deep-Rooting D0 African Y-chromosomal Haplogroup and its Implications for the Expansion of Modern Humans Out of Africa". Genetics. 212 (4): 1421–1428. doi:10.1534/genetics.119.302368. PMC 6707464. PMID 31196864.

[UnderhillandKivisild-4] Underhill and Kivisild; Kivisild, T (2007). "Use of Y Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Population Structure in Tracing Human Migrations". Annu. Rev. Genet. 41 (1): 539–64. doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.41.110306.130407. PMID 18076332. S2CID 24904955.

[stone-5] Stone, Linda; Paul F. Lurquin; Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza (2007). "Voyages, Prehistoric Human Expansions". Genes, Culture, and Human Evolution. Wiley. p. 187. ISBN 978-1-4051-5089-7.

[Karafet1-6] Cite error: The named reference Karafet1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Johnson-7] Cite error: The named reference Johnson was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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Haplogroup CT

Possible time of origin	~70,000 BP,^[1] ~100,000 BP,^[2] or ~101,000 BP^[3]
Possible place of origin	Africa,^[4]^[5]^[6]^[2] possibly Northeast Africa^[7]
Ancestor	Haplogroup BT
Descendants	Haplogroup CF, Haplogroup DE
Defining mutations	P9.1, M168, M294, V9, V41, V54, V189, and V226